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Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission
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REPORT OF THE JOINT INVESTIGATION
OF THE LEAKING SULLIVAN #1 OIL WELL
NEAR YAKUTAT, ALASKA
January 25, 1983
ALASKA DEPARTMENT
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A WORKING PAPER
ALASKA DE PARTME NT OF E NV IRONME NT AL CONSERV AT ION
D IV IS ION OF E NV IRONME NT AL QUAL ITY OPERAT IONS
MONITOR ING AND LA130RATOR Y SECT ION
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4IÞ A working paper presents results of investigations which may be limited
or incomplete. Therefore, conclusions expressed or implied are tentative.
c Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation by the State of Alaska.
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Report of the Joint Investigation
of th~ Leaking Sullivan #1 Oil Well
near Yakutat~ Alaska~ January 25~ 1983
INTRODUCTION
A trapper recently notified the Department of Environmental Conser-
vation that an abandoned oil well located 87 miles northest of Yakutat
was leaking what appearød to be oil into a nearby stream. The oil well
was identified as the Sullivan #1 well drilled by General Petroleum in
1926 located on Johnston Creek about 10 miles west of Icy Bay. The
trapper also reported oil in the stream from the well to the ocean~ a
distance of approximately 1 1/2 miles.
Unsure of the degree of tontamination and the magnitude of cleanup
required~ representative~ of the Department of Environmental Conser-
vation~ the Mineral Management Section of the Bureau of Land Management~
and Mobil Oil Corporation (formerly General Petroleum Corporation of
California) decided to jpintly visit the area to assess the problem.
Histor¥ of the Sullivan #1 Oil Well
Drilling co~nenced on Su1livan #1 on June 28, 1926~ and was completed
on October 20, 1927. Maximum depth of the well is 2005 feet. Showings
of oil and gas were enco~ntered at 105 ft. to 120 ft. in a brown shale.
Salt water was encountered immediately beneath this at 120 ft. to 140
ft. in a black shale. Gas was again encountered in a hard gray shale
from 1638 ft. to 1648 ft. The formations were difficult to drill and
some had a tendency to cave in. Progress was slow due to frequent
mechanical breakdowns and repair to equipment. Casing record for the
well is 15 1/2 inches in diameter to a depth of 67 feet, 12 1/2 inches
to 210 feet, 8 1/4 inche$ to 449 feet, and 6 1/2 inches to 1967 feet.
The final 38 feet were evidently left uncased. The 8 1/2 inch casing
was cemented in place at 449 feet with 20 bags of cement. Work crews
left the well site in October of 1927 for the winter. A work crew
returned to the site in April 1928 to remove the equipment of value.
The casing was left undi$turbed in the hole. The method of capping
the well is unknown alth~ugh driving a spruce tree down a casing to
plug it was an accepted practice. A monument was erected near the hole
so that the well could be easily located.
The Study Area
The coastline of the northeastern section of the Gulf of Alaska forms a
smooth arc for over 300 miles from Icy Point in the northern panhandle
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to Kayak Island 70 miles southeast of Cordova. The coast is wavebeaten
and offers little protection for mariners in search of shelter from
high seas. A coastal plain is virtually absent with the landscape
steeply rising in a series of hills paralleling the coast with each
successive ridge higher than the one before it. The icefield plateau
is located at an elevation of approximately 5,000 feet. about 4 miles
from the coast. Some of Alaska1s largest glaciers are located in this
area, the two largest being the Malaspina and Bering Glaciers. The
only embayments along this entire coastline are Dry Bay, Yakutat Bay
and Icy Bay. Their orientation to prevailing wind and waves and their
open form offer little protection from high seas.
The steep topography and short distance to the mountainous plateaus
produce many short coastal creeks and streams of only a few miles in
length with small drainage areas generally less than 5 square miles.
Johnston Creek, the site of the Sullivan #1 oil well, is one such creek.
Johnston Creek is approximately 2.7 miles long with a drainage area of
approximately 3.8 square miles. Flow data for Johnston Creek does not
exist.
Numerous natural oil seeps occur in the area with those nearest Sullivan
#1 being the largest in the northern Gulf of Alaska. One seep area
approximately 100 yds. west of the well appeared to be about 80 yds.
long by 50 yds. wide. At least 4 other seeps were evident along the
creek and 100 yds. north of the wellhead. It is generally agreed that
the many seeps come from a common source.
On site
Johnston Creek was about 1 hour by helicopter from Yakutat. Air time
could have been less but we had difficulty in locating the site. Aboard
the helicopter were Suha;l Nabi and Joe O'Donnell from Mobil Oil in
Denver, Chris Cooper from Mobil Oil in Bakersfield, California~ Morris
Engelke and Paul Schneider from Minerals Management Division of the
Bureau of Land Management in Anchorage, Dan Lawn of ADEC's Valdez District
office, Al Kegler of ADEC's Southeast Regional Office in Juneau, and
Gregg Malinky from the ADECs Laboratory and Monitoring Facility in
Juneau. Our pilot was Tom June of ERA Helicopeters from Juneau.
The wellhead is situated on the eastern edge of Johnston Creek and judging
from the debris around the wellhead it is not wholly above the high
water mark. The wellhead is easily recognizable as the casing extends
above ground approximately 5 feet. The monument mentioned earlier was
not found. A small stream about 30 feet long and 2 feet wide issued
from the wellhead debris pile and flowed into Johnston Creek. A sample
of the stream water was measured to contain 21.2 0/00 (parts per thousand)
salinity. The freshet sediments were orange from iron oxides and a
slight sheen was noticeable on the water but no oil globules were
present, nor was there oil on the stream banks. No oil was immediately
evident issuing from the wellhead.
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4IÞ A hole was dug about 12 feet from the wellhead, at the edge of the
debris pile, and oil was encountered at about the 1 foot depth. Three
replicate samples of oil were taken from the hole. Digging around the
wellhead struck oil at about the 15 inch depth. Triplicate samples
were taken from this hole also. Opposite from the wellhead on the
western bank of Johnston Creek were several seeps, one of which was
sampled. A sample of crude oil from the seep and a sample of floating
oil from a pool of water at the base of the seep were taken. Another
seep area in a small meadow about 20 feet above the western shoreline
and 100 yards west of the wellhead was sampled. The seep area was
about 30 yards long and 80 yards wide as mentioned earlier. Two
samples of slightly weathered crude that had flowed over some ice
were taken from this area.
A short reconnaissance up and down Johnston Creek streambed revealed
a sheen visible for at least 150 feet below the well-seep area. Scuffing
around and turning over rocks 100 feet upstream of the wellhead-seep
area revealed only trace amounts of oil although another seep is reported
to be 1/4 mile upstream of the wellhead.
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After sampling the wellhead area, a search of the beach and delta
area was conducted for some visible expression of oil pollution. It was
thought that 56 years of periodic oil input from the well and hundreds
of years of input from the natural seeps may have some visible or
striking effect on the shoreline. Some sheen was visible at the stream
edge as the creek flowed over the beach. No weathered oil or tar balls
were evident. The surface of the sand appeared clean but a slight
sheen was visible at a depth of about 8 to 10 inches in the sand.
Samples of surface beach sand and sand from the 8 to 10 inch depth were
taken.
Sample Analysis
Quantitation of the leaking oil was not the intent of this sampling
effort: We only attempted to verify that oil was leaking and assess
the degree of cleanup required. Our intent was to categorize the oil
for future reference. The information may be helpful in unforeseen
events concerning nearby off-shore drilling and in determining the source
of tar balls occasionally found on the beaches in the area.
Analysis of the oil by infra-red spectrophotometry revealed all of the
samples to have a common source. Analysis of the samples by fluorescence
spectrophotometry further supported this conclusion. The fluorescence
results of the slightly weathered crude from the large seep area was
recognized by its sli~ht deviation from the others. This is normal
behavior in fluorescence analysis of a weathered sample.
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1,4 Y S, HAAfPoWHD. GOVERNOR
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EN VI RONMENTA L OUA LlTY MON/TOfl /N(~ I\Nn ./'
LAUOIIA TON Y Of'ElI;\ TlONS .
750 ST. ANN'S A VENUE
OOUGCAS. AiA>:!:;\ _<J()1J2)
PfIONE: (907) .:!ù'i21S5
OIL SPILL !IJL:NIIIJUI[[lJ1i
LI\130Rf\TORY f<¡!JOln
RE(~UESTOR OF ANALYSIS: <7. l/</cvl- /d );:(yj'v
----------'----L,--Lf,-,-----------r-----------------------·.~---...-----
,J / c
DATE OF RECE In OF SAMPLES: ------L~~'!;-- 63.______ CASE N0MI3Œ: .__________.._____._.
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~Lab Nu mbe r ~ e -Oc'-scr1l-;tTo n , --rs D i 1 1-'. So '.:r-c e ~
g 30{ '2-80& - -v i~K.~1f-~_-VJtn t::'~ CR$ i ~ I~---T-X--!
f~l 0 t . ,(..~ :t:t I -ç;:-~-C:¿---w~~- t z- ,_L______~---- ------11-
«3D I ~f5()5 I ß' 5 0 l)~--k._tu-"----£~----------------l X I
. ~-;_~L~ L: 1.:~_!=:_V1-_1LL-.A~~~-~.- ___~-_---\-
Iq~o{ 2-8'011' II q I z. \~t;'~1~-:';l~~:~i~("5:iTi~.:;¡~I-1 x -1-----
E~O{ 2$6'1 I ~3____A't:;~~~t:Îb~~tT!&CI _ "-L "J
lB3~?? ~o_~__~ q ~ 7_,__[tbttt~~~{~~t;:~~Htt'1,-t,><-- L-J
.f~~~~~=~t~-,.~~~~~'.-[=-=:~':~~~==~---=~-=~~~=·=~~;-=J'.~~~~·.-t~...-.,..~
[ Con t i nn e s a nb..-ITSTi()~~:~I,;;-t=;;,:~l'~~;íl~l;;~s:;:a-r.~~::::::::::L___L.._J
Ho,( "0 re Sdmp 1 e s de 1 i vo ,'e d: ._.b~__ ~~_-&{Y-",\-r:î·.4 kL~U'1S--- __, __ _ _ ,_,
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¡'ia 5 kit sea 1 cd? YE S______ N(}A____ N/ A^_['_'--__ ; kì t s ('a 1 r1Ulìllk ¡': ____u__._
"'Jere any sJlilples observed to be broken, taJ!\r)(?I'l~d) or SUbjf:ct to contalllin¿¡tion?
YES* NO ,)< (Place 'Ie: I¡Cxt to ';ates received in slIspecter!
C ü 11 JTf ¡orl; J e S C-I~ r[)t~-b 01 01'1. )
CUM~\ENTS (txplain ai1 itl'llIS I'Iithk, usil1lJ sl:cond lc:(jC:' if rH:cC:'<;SéJr'Y):
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page 2
5T AlE OF I~LASK A
D EP ARTME NT OF E NV mON~1U·!TtIi_ CONSEJ<V AT ION
o It. 51) ILL IDE NTI F ICAl ION t.AUO!<ArOI< Y REPair¡-
Case Number:
_._--~--------
1. SAMPLES \~ERE ANALYZED BY:
Fl uorescent spect roscopy :zK:: __
Thin lay(~r' chromatography
---
')
L.
2f---
SAMPLES REPRESENTM IVE OF THE 5P ILLED OIL /\1<[ 5A~1f)LES MJt1ßERED:
'Ó '7;7D [ z.e 05 ?5 ',() { 2..9-0'ð' Có 30 I z «~ cy c¡r3CJ I Z <6 ( 0
_ :...,L....------------,L---...- ...-.....--..,.--.'-/---- --.-----
Infrared spectroscopy
Gas chromatography
-"
--_..__._--------_._----~_._---------,_.------~._.._-_..- -_.-,,_..._._------~-_...
_._~-_.-
3. WEI([ AU, HIE SP!Ll SJ\~IPU':S THE Si\r.-¡[? ?Î[')
~__~__.._____ __ -. ____·______'___·_·~_______c_____~___.___-_
-----.'_._--------------~-_._--~-_._._---_._--,_._----
+.._.____._.__________._.._.________.__.___.,___~______.n_._.~.._.__.________.__'__..~____~_________.
4.
ANALYSIS RESULTS:
:J) The fùlloYlin~J suspected SOUf'I.:(; sc1lnplc:(s) II!dt_chccl the spill sample(s)
tJ y: __2~_~~!5f~~~___~_~£!:!:~_~!-,J--?O-L?~ ~.~0__ ._~~~~L0_~ .~ __2f-~~:~----
Æ~v>1,J7~e~~!!;r{.~? ~~/}-¡;;}~~:i[ I ~~~ Of z ?;C!7--Pj-410fl (e;;œø i~
---Y1.JYJi--------- c;~---------l--l------.-,-- ---.' ---.--.------~---------.-
_ ~G1 (C-€ ¿7(:t~r¡¿~~ ~.J. ~o(2.. 9 rzb ___~d~LL2;_!+~!l_....2¡¡ L.. 1-- ~0.~~_.L-
._tJ..:~~ ( ~~_~_?.& ~.J~'1£f.è:B.ßi:(Æ---'.?t_~C(Ú~9 .i C9Pý_:__,_____________
b) The follovlinlj sU:~J!ccted SOl1r'((~ SJlllpll'(:;) vl(:"c a pr'obalJle match vlith
the spi II sé\lilple(s) by: S;00tKCe SCvwtf{~ tt C(;30{ Zjjoþ UJG.û
. ~ ~pßclliJ~ ~)(t_l:~ßJJ~l:¡=]~~-~;~(~~:~-~-~~l~~;J~--g-30T~gr-o=~b t
_~pJ1.QL~~5.cCYJ çc.'----I::)7?.f~b5.º~~(.Q'(J-'-.,-- -'- --..-.-.--- ----------------.-.-
--------_._--,-----~---._--_.__..------_.__._-~---_._----.._._-----_.--~-_._..__..-_-_._--
~_.-----_..---- ~--_.-.~- ----~-----._---------- --.
--~---_._-~~~---_.-.._--------._._--_.._._--~----------~-~------_._----_._~------_.~----~ ---
c) The folloy/in\] Sl1Spl:~ctC'c1 source SJIJlplds) gclV(~ Indetcf'll1inatc rcsult
when compared to U1C spill sé\l1lple(s) by: __u_.~~/l___________-_-_-_._-
..------------------------.----------------.'-----------..------~---_.__.-'------_.--_..._---
----~-,----_..~----_..---_._-'"---------_._---._~-_._-----_..._-----._---~-------~--_.-----~-.-. -' "--------
---- ._---~--------~ --
~- ----------------- ------- - ---- - ------------- ~ - - ----
-----~------ - -- --------- ------- -----
----- - - -- ----- -._-~- -- ---- -_._~--- -- -~. -
P¿¡gC! 3
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ST ATE OF AL ASK f\
DEPARTHENT OF llNlfìON!ciENi
U I( V AT ION
o Il_ SP ILL IDE NT 1 F lCAT ION I_Þ,IJ!)IU\IOI\ Y I\EPOIH
Case Number:
----,---_._-_..~--- ---"- -_. --"-"--'-
d) The follO\'lin~) suspected source ~;alilpl('(;) '''1'['(' a Non-Hatch \·,iUI the
5 pill 5 alllp 1(; (s) by: --f\j-ft-------------------------------------u-~--
~--------------_._--
_._-,_.--------.---_._-~-_._--~-_.__._-_._---~--~--
---------~--~---_.~--_._~._-------~~--_.__._-,---------.- -.----.- ._.._...'----~-_._--~--_._--,_._._-
---------' -.----.-,.-----"- '--,,-_., -..-.---.--.--..-----.--.--- --.- -. --_. ._--~._+ . "-.'. ".---..'--,..----+--.--- ----.--- _._~------_._,--_.
-_._-------_.-._._----_._,~---_.__.._._-_..---~-._._._---~----_._------_..--------
~). CONCLU S [ONS :
__~J1fL2fjL:'c--'2ª 0.f'l~~_ ~ýl/t{L- HJIi'(~cldfr1LlLe~d---
,:;<:>t:( IZCr:~-:2-~f' .~_ -. ~cl-j"lfßM:e cO ..00V/2l",¡:UJ.íl(£:ZCC¿1t;-_z--
---qz~¿;;[J--~-5J~-g[1----·--~---- -----~--------.-------------------------
___~______~________ __...n._ .._ __.~_____________._~_.____________._..__._._,_ _,_.__'__..______>~____..___~_~________.__
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__._~___~_._.._.~.__._._.... .___ .___'_._ __._ M" _ _~ _____ __. _
____._ ._,..,...___........_. ._ '._. ._ _____.__...._...___.___.___ _._._..~.___. ~_._.__~..._______.," _____.___.._.'u.._
_.~.._-_._~------..._._...._.__.-
u .____,~_____.__._ _.__._,,_.._
-- ----~---- ...-.- ...- . -- -._-~--._------~----_..._._---...._---._-_._- ..... -.-.,,-----..
_..__.._~--_.-_.- ,,_._- - --'-
- .-.- .- - -- - -."-
_. __. .__... .... - __ - ".. n.___._. .______.._______'"__~.__ __._..___.______~_..__
._..~.____.__ .._._. __..______._.__...___~.._ ._. ._ ._..._".___._. ___ __ n,_ .. _ __.____....____ _
_..._ '~.___.._.___________._____.._._. __~ _..______.-__,·___b__ _... .
_.______n____..____.._ ...-.___._.,___.._~._.__ _.,_.~___.~_..._~___ __._ ___^ __. _,._.____"_.._.
.. --,.. -. .-. - ~.._,----------~._-_.._-_._-_. -------------...-.------.--.-
~------'-------~--'-_.__._--~._._._.._---,.-- .-.---"---- -- ---.'--"-..--.- -_._,-- '--'-'.-'----- _..-_--
- ..__..__.._._--_._.._-_._._.._--~ _.~_",---.---~-.".^-----,~.
Mat c 11 ( ~1): f( k r It i C ,1 I d i! L (J () I' d i it ¿¡ :; Ii 01'/ i I ¡ i) Iii II (J r' ell f f er C 11 C (~ 'j d t t r'i iJ II I: d i JI C~
to \·lhlther'ín~J.
Probable ~1i!tcI1 (IJ¡'·\): :-;ìllli 131' dcìta :;l1u\'lìJI~J Illudlòrate difference:s attribu-
table to \'lcatIIE'I'ìlllj and/ol' cuntali¡írldLiol1.
Indeterminate (I): Di1ta sllo\'/ínlj exces';ivc cliffen'l1ces that miSJl1t [)('
attributable to weat/1erinCJ ûnc/or' cOl1tal1:indl:ion.
Non-Match (N~1): Dissimilar data.
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~~:; ~:~ ~~-žf!~~P-f=~~~=====~:
, r" -. '\ /' ,,'" ,/ / /;........:'~~,~.-- /M_'
S lIl) e r v 1 S C I( / ./ .><..----"-;/J---_
\..-cz:-~.:y':::'>~·"",. .----------. -\"->'--------
-.-..~.._...._-_.._--
----z ¿/(.I 0- Ä~. ?
Date ---- . C¿.--7
~-- --'~" .--'_..._._-~._--_._---_._.-....--~
[) ,1 t e
-_.-.--_._--_._-.._~._--.._-_._- -.-------....-...
Datf; )',L. /¡> \
__ _M.-/._ "_/ ..._________ ___
__b~
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--
S TAT E 0 F A LAS K A
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Environmental Quality Monitoring
and Laboratory Services
750 St. Annis Avenue
Douglas, Alaska 99824
Tel. No. 36 4 - 215 5
ANALYTICAL REPORT
SAMPLE NUMBER
Date Collected
1919
1-25-83
LABORATORY NUMBER 83012807
Time Call ected
Sample Description: Water sample taken from Wellhead of Sullivan #1
Analysis Requested: Salinity
Salinity = 21.2~ (parts per thousand)
by YSI Model 33 S.C.T. Meter
Results below the level of quantitation are expressed as < (less than).
All analyses included Quality Control. Methods and Q.C. data are available
on request.
1 gram::: 103rn9 (mil1 i grams) = 106µg (mi crograms)
1 Ing/l ::: 1 ppill (parts per million)
1 IJg/l = 1 ppb (parts per bi 11 ion)
/
2-1-83
Date Completed
2-24-83
Date Reported
, \" ,
Chief, EQMLO
