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Alaska Energy Authority (907) 771-3027 From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA)(mailto:patricia.bettis@alaska.eov) Sent: Tuesday, March 03, 2015 11:51 AM To: Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Cc: Alan P. Baldivieso Subject: ACEP Reconnaissance Trip Report Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Dated 2010 Guy and Alan, This report may be of use to you. UAF may have worked on some of the wells. Christopher Pike may be able to provide you with that information. His telephone number is (907) 272-1522; cell is (907) 888-3850. Regards, Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE. This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.rov. f ., . . • STATE OF ALASKA • ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION WELL COMPLETION OR RECOMPLETION REPORT AND LOG la.Well Status: Oil❑ Gas❑ SPLUG ❑ Other ❑ Abandoned El Suspended Li lb.Well Class: 20aac 25.105 2OAAc 25.110 Development ❑, Exploratory E GINJ ❑ WINJ ❑ WAGE] WDSPL❑ No.of Completions: Service ❑ Stratigraphic Test ❑ 2.Operator Name: 6. Date Comp.,Susp.,or 14. Permit to Drill Number/ Sundry: M-W Drilling,Inc.(Contractor) Aband.: 0/2.a1/ - 141/46r 179-078 / 31s--3941 µ6 3.Address: 7.Date Spudded: 15.API Number: PO Box 110389 Anchorage AK 99511 11/1/1979 50-031-20001-00-00 4a. Location of Well(Governmental Section): 8.Date TD Reached: 16.Well Name and Number: Surface: PS-1 Top of Productive Interval: 60'(Perforated 60-100') 9.KB(ft above MSL): 17.Field/Pool(s): GL(ft above MSL): Pilgrim Hot Springs Total Depth: 10.Plug Back Depth MD/TVD: 18. Property Designation: 160'(open to 65') GR-3 ft Fee-Uaatuq, LLC 4b.Location of Well(State Base Plane Coordinates,NAD 27): 11.Total Depth MD/TVD: 19. Land Use Permit: Surface: x- N65 05.435' y-W164 55.662' Zone- ISI r aka TPI: x- y- Zone- 12.SSSV Depth MD/TVD: 20.Thickness of Permafrost MD/TVD: Total Depth: x- y- Zone- 5. Directional or Inclination Survey: Yes ❑(attached) No 0 13.Water Depth,if Offshore: 21.Re-drill/Lateral Top Window MDITVD: Submit electronic and printed information per 20 AAC 25.050 (ft MSL) 22. Logs Obtained: List all logs run and,pursuant to AS 31.05.030 and 20 AAC 25.071,submit all electronic data and printed logs within 90 days of completion,suspension,or abandonment,whichever occurs first.Types of logs to be listed include,but are not limited to:mud log,spontaneous potential, gamma ray,caliper,resistivity,porosity,magnetic resonance,dipmeter,formation tester,temperature,cement evaluation,casing collar locator,jewelry,and perforation record. Acronyms may be used.Attach a separate page if necessary RECEIVED Sti'a,, . tAl � ,ih NOV 0 2 2015 • OGCC 23. CASING,LINER AND CEMENTING RECORD CASING WT.PER GRADE SETTING DEPTH MD SETTING DEPTH ND HOLE SIZE CEMENTING RECORD AMOUNT FT. TOP BOTTOM TOP BOTTOM PULLED 6 5/8 17.56 A53 0 160 24.Open to production or injection? Yes ❑ No O 25.TUBING RECORD If Yes,list each interval open(MD/ND of Top and Bottom;Perforation SIZE DEPTH SET(MD) PACKER SET(MD/TVD) Size and Number): See sketch-original well sketch not available 26.ACID, FRACTURE,CEMENT SQUEEZE, ETC. Was hydraulic fracturing used during completion? Yes❑ No E] Per 20 AAC 25.283(i)(2)attach electronic and printed information DEPTH INTERVAL(MD) AMOUNT AND KIND OF MATERIAL USED 27. PRODUCTION TEST Date First Production: Method of Operation(Flowing,gas lift,etc.): Date of Test: Hours Tested: Production for Oil-Bbl: Gas-MCF: Water-Bbl: Choke Size: Gas-Oil Ratio: Test Period m .0 Flow Tubing Casing Press: Calculated Oil-Bbl: Gas-MCF: Water-Bbl: Oil Gravity-API(corr): Press. 24-Hour Rate �.► g 1[ Form 10-407 Revis 5/� 5 i_q�GCONTINUED ON PAGE 2 RBDM2015 S 5N0V 10 Submit ORIGINIAL only/ 28.CORE DATA• Conventional 11€(s): Yes ❑ No ❑ Sidewall Cores es ❑ No Q If Yes,list formations and intervals cored(MDITVD,From/To),and summarize lithology and presence of oil,gas or water(submit separate pages with this form, if needed).Submit detailed descriptions,core chips,photographs,and all subsequent laboratory analytical results per 20 AAC 25.071. 29. GEOLOGIC MARKERS (List all formations and markers encountered): 30. FORMATION TESTS NAME MD TVD Well tested? Yes ❑ No ❑✓ Permafrost-Top If yes,list intervals and formations tested,briefly summarizing test results. Permafrost-Base Attach separate pages to this form,if needed,and submit detailed test information,including reports,per 20 AAC 25.071. Formation at total depth: 31. List of Attachments: 1. Estimated well sketch 3.P&A Summary 2. Pictures 4.Slurry Mix Information to be attached includes,but is not limited to:summary of daily operations,wellbore schematic,directional or inclination survey,core analysis, paleontological report,production or well test results,per 20 AAC 25.070. 32. I hereby certify that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Contact: MW Drilling, Inc. Email: _mw@mwdrillinginc.com Printed Name: Wayne tberq Title: President Signature: 4111AC /t A Phone: 907-345-4000 Date: 5//J INSTRUCTIONS General: This form and the required attachments provide a complete and concise record for each well drilled in Alaska. Submit a well schematic diagram with each 10-407 well completion report and 10-404 well sundry report when the downhole well design is changed.All laboratory analytical reports regarding samples or tests from a well must be submitted to the AOGCC,no matter when the analyses are conducted. Item la: Multiple completion is defined as a well producing from more than one pool with production from each pool completely segregated. Each segregated pool is a completion. Item lb: Well Class-Service wells:Gas Injection,Water Injection,Water-Alternating-Gas Injection,Salt Water Disposal,Water Supply for Injection, Observation,or Other. Item 4b: TPI(Top of Producing Interval). Item 9: The Kelly Bushing and Ground Level elevations in feet above mean sea level.Use same as reference for depth measurements given in other spaces on this form and in any attachments. Item 15: The API number reported to AOGCC must be 14 digits(ex:50-029-20123-00-00). Item 20: Report measured depth and true vertical thickness of permafrost.Provide MD and TVD for the top and base of permafrost in Box 29. Item 22: Review the reporting requirements of 20 MC 25.071 and,pursuant to AS 31.05.030,submit all electronic data and printed logs within 90 days of completion,suspension,or abandonment,whichever occurs first. Item 23: Attached supplemental records should show the details of any multiple stage cementing and the location of the cementing tool. Item 24: If this well is completed for separate production from more than one interval(multiple completion),so state in item 1,and in item 23 show the producing intervals for only the interval reported in item 26.(Submit a separate form for each additional interval to be separately produced, showing the data pertinent to such interval). Item 27: Method of Operation: Flowing,Gas Lift,Rod Pump,Hydraulic Pump,Submersible,Water Injection,Gas Injection,Shut-in,or Other(explain). Item 28: Provide a listing of intervals cored and the corresponding formations,and a brief description in this box.Pursuant to 20 AAC 25.071,submit detailed descriptions,core chips,photographs,and all subsequent laboratory analytical results,including,but not limited to:porosity, permeability,fluid saturation,fluid composition,fluid fluorescence,vitrinite reflectance,geochemical,or paleontology. Item 30: Provide a listing of intervals tested and the corresponding formation,and a brief summary in this box. Submit detailed test and analytical laboratory information required by 20 MC 25.071. Item 31: Pursuant to 20 MC 25.070,attach to this form:well schematic diagram,summary of daily well operations,directional or inclination survey,and other tests as required including,but not limited to:core analysis,paleontological report,production or well test results. Form 10-407 Revised 5/2015 Submit ORIGINAL Only • • • PS-1 NOTE: The only information available on this well was casing size and depth with perforated interval Blind Flange 6"Gate Valve Ground Level 3 Feet Casing Cutoff/top of cement=24ft3 pumped 1 Cement 60' _. Top of Perforations 65 Top of Inhole Fill Perforated Zones(60-100') 1 � { 100' 160' 6 5/8' Casing '.-..-.-;,-.t!:,:--2,.4, �* l .� � I 4;:".'":4, . � :14,„,"1"t4'.-1741'"''':-+ fir �f s4 �.x r I.,..*,;:. .4",7-41::-.7!,!"...":„-4.1,- � � �1 ;t, _'t :::1•14,11-74-e', , P • -9 tik •st% ^M1 ri i ,:iii:;;;!.'''' 1 s ' 6r :,k. is AC � .'•-_..--:...,,,.--....:-•,-.:. :-..,„':-;.:::„., ,. ,.--1.- r 'SA\ � avff g ' r , 's� f_ .rw w 1 4 , , asFgsvrr r ` ,-•-4-',•.1 /) ` Y , ,- 'mac { t•,-';'. ..',,„ Y , jr ,i � Y t� ' , _ E ..1 4 i ---,.7,,„..°:,, a 6. �� '� �' „ St ,c.,,,,,-,..-:*.4.7-4, ,'...,;....,%.1,......,._,"'-', ., _ � � l Ss?� 4 „--,.,.-, , - „.„-„:„'tr'-''''. •* • .-••‘ • • '1'• '• - i!Atli .•.',i'.. ii.'"„,'-„. q-• ..... %.,.!--‘1';'.-,t--?-:1-'::t --;:....„:„...- -.!- ;r,..! 1,,f '''_:* 4, ti, y .t 1 y� a .,,,r Y`. ra s; _ i 1.440..,..,%;,„ �e 7 ''"'t.` 4 " € . 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F f}'.'p. .R::... .,,,,:.:-•-.."'.$� .„'e% i�---L'` ,,"---4.. ."..# '!� #a ,:-.,-'...:-.:,...'7';:':i1-.:....,,, 1 `K "`'S '� '''.. %*1,,,.ys �, .. ,�3 - 4 � a s Sim. .r--i . i e�� F� 3 ,Naw } ° y . , - - & °.i 'r' � �"�� :..,;.%. a.....'..- 7-,.-. �, „� ,�i- t ,.'E ` 'r k .�s� v � - ru �. 7� f " R'o-a�` � t �° x :�.. ; :A .+ , +� .,i...-,---...;,,, .„-- ....-?'-'....re..-, ..-4- ,.'1('''''''''.-f,-...;;::::'" F �3. :�* _.:a- '..`'..:�.._: > f ,-�„ * ,� -. ;'':' mss" c.::`,::-::,,...;,,,-;-...::;,-;,,..1- ' .:--.-4.4Wf-2.-"j-;''''''-'-'il '.----7..:,.''''','..'..t'''.:—'74:l'-.-4t.1,‘-e,.:4*,T;;,:t:i'•.,1'.7.-'-'-' �r'q-.,. : # ...k. m 1 {l • i M-W Drilling, Inc. Work Summary- Pilgrim Hot Springs PS-1 1. Remove blind flange and open the 6" master valve 2. Well began to flow. A 3' piece of 6" PVC pipe was bolted onto top of valve to stop overflow 3. Tremie (1.5" pip installed and tagged bottom at 65' 4. Cement slurry (24 cf)pumped up to the bottom of valve. Let cement set up for six days 5. Valve cutoff and well ID plate welded on 6. Cleanup site and backfill with local sand ♦ P.O. Box 110389 ♦ Anchorage, AK 99511 • ♦ Phone: 907-345-4000 ♦ Fax: 907-345-3287 • ♦ mw@mwdrillinginc.com ♦www.mwdrillinginc.com • • 's are our business!!! • • M-W Drilling, Inc. API Class A cement slurry components: - Class A Cement, 1 sack 0.48 CF - Sand, Fine 1.00 CF - Water (9 gals) 1.20 CF - Bentonite, fine grained (4 lbs) Total slurry yield for each cement sack 2.68 CF One grout mix batch equals 3 volumes of above slurry mix ♦P.O. Box 110389 ♦Anchorage, AK 99511 ♦ Phone: 907-345-4000 ♦ Fax: 907-345-3287 • • mw@mwdrillinginc.com •www.mwdrillinginc.com • 's are our business!!! • • TIME DRILL LOG • NG t , 4,04/ "all ein M-W Drilling, Inc. / ce ~— ,� � 5ifr/z/!' it, Ca DATE .3// ". 5:4 " . fi 41/4"4/ p f CREW/� f,i5)43 "' 0� App 1,f 1//gill NAME ///f,,,7 PROJ.NO. 14 AliA I if2 1--- /jar AC;1* /i✓`` /V�r'1 ADDRESS 91 111• i '/W ,O/1Illr CITY PHO 4=19/117. �l �L JOB LOCAT10,1 a / ✓f," 0/ ii4r:X3- �S -; Y'0 / , oA EQUIP# L // '( )JA PI END 'Mei hi •'' a 71. /f/1 START /� 1r ,f� JL't f TOTAL OURS ' Static Level GPM Yield / V J,)mfh,#'f � '/� a Bags of Bentonite i44eyrr (.9-A /1, & l L /VIVA(f Fide's /E/4 ,/ th . 4x-iii —_ � J 1,1 Is PA` �(/t DEPTH WELL LOG #/f/149fa .3e Win / 0- CASING STICK UP /f11/ .5// n..o.......I..-'Oren..co a nlamIrn nrnnrnra rrcrn Ir. 4 . . TIME DRILL LOGj CASING 0 nopi igitri, Zy f.:9 M:(4,/ o IW -W D rilling, An c. j/L-41w. 414_5 ,..a .,,riii.:c cc e A pg-/c lj,/,/ DATE f f4 f f : 1 r F CREW/5/6;1/7i/ .i ',, ! 14' l�,Jl i. ' .4/.//17-‘ p/ /17-� c_vi , rF.a`' NAME PROJ.NO. 3,, A/2 k �j �r ADDRESS c 1�PV ,iiMr,#,21//,:i,'6<2 ,4 "-1 CITY PHONE f /4' . t'/ //1 `,417;2. -t/?./1� JOB LOCATION S 17S) f`'"/�/ 7/,li Al ie'le3 ,410►ly EQUIP.# AO/7i6e;,�1^ .1�1`i-t- /STC /c,/" END 7:4-91/L ✓'//a' ) /�'�; 7 3 START ligf i%7Z/ 4I r1//L TOTAL OURS Static Level GPM Yield f /a/f� ?`//�,r ,,f/ifiyl. ` 11(i�' Bags of Bentonite ;%;71'(11!'r DEPTH WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP , • • • TIME DRILL LOGCI CASING : 9 MW Drill9,g. Inc. IIIIIMF-reT,4 0-47 ,'„,7:,-:. , .... , , - 0" °* • :iitt : im , . • •,..t: A V • ' ' 'tr -1 zirE 5 ,; 1:1-5: ,,.. . f#, t , 11 4 Al/1 0 JV ,M71/- riP. /1 -,, CREW iv 1) r/i,, iffie /: (4e,// -- / b-1;e NAM9 ;;":1 ;41,1* , •. .ci t , . , (11/441 Pd0J.NO. •'. .. ;?' -IF',•.. re . •1; 1 ''• Ai i /:4------41L ..,,-__ ADDRESS -17/4.-1/1101:ie 7' ' , '.2;--- , /7: ‘,/,f 7/7/r - 0(4 -;i:-:•,14,<J:2 CITY ilrieeki 414' ' PHONE wzomiil r) JOB LOCATION./Ut.) / -11,)f( '37'- pyrssmai, . • . . •, .,_:, a / ' ' • / • EOUIP.# END e•-•/151 d'41,;#01 ,i/)-- ' START <--ir , 6i ;'41 - / a fil/9",--,./4Wif 11-1-PTA ,,, itif4-' ,'i "- t , II'.:1' :;,1 '• ./,'",e , ! )/..•••:(V 1'i .4 : ‘i'';.:-' Static Level GPM Yield 11=1111111111.1111 NMI Bags of Bentonite IIIWitifflir 'MA? 9,:: Mt ' v, ,7.•. hifill Kr' CA-fr7ri4 142a1M-- /1 3 i 1(,„ DEPTH I WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP The Printer Inc(907 2F.14-dee ....,....—— , . • • TIME '. ' DRILL LOG CASING ill ; I' 2 - 1V1-NV Drilling, Inc.• -a ,c7/1-141: .Abilith/(>;:f7/ , ill/4 1 a#'4, //VII,/I' -,:•,,-. 1--,,1 51 4'-f,O,iae 2 I4= -. DATE Vi .i 1711ficREwnf414 ,2/Y4' (.Wn•-.-i-/, ,/ 1,141 (14 /,Al Z'/, NAME /1 PROJ NO. 1, /WI - ct-(/ '' /5-- 114 ADDRESS / i :;11P///: , 7//1 ic SW ;.El ferie CITY ri1:1/72.: PHONE fl'I'lliti1C j„,..., -,i,A I JOB LOCATION /1-0'-'1, 5-- , ----1-,,, , 7), 12-,-,,,,,r,-.„ ,- /767 EQUIP.# vi, i 111/a 11101 IA '47/77 END M'A CAM/1Z&ZI-4.:r .7(/ )/11:ift{ START ....--' HOURS Static Level GPM Yield k"- r. Bags of Bentonite DEPTH WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP I - . , • • . - CO TIME DRILL LOG 1 CASING . Al 'ir'. 't/1 ) )130 .4 ('-,,, (- 4/ /1-1' df 2 M-W. Drilling, Inc. . 0 , • • . 1, , ) -5 ihnifil,Vilia 5/11,d1 1 _ m dere , DATE 1 , , , 44e 1/1#1111—.14V x,t i CREW :116#/ 4,(41/9 ,[4.../ , 'f j i h,/ , 4/ i har /("il) ..: X , -1"-- ,,,- /.-- 671fr/ell 1 1 ,, ,,,,. -214:4:-=, --..,,t7, P ', i , °,i)._i1/ NAME At . • ,.. . is A) (11 A/4' 1 ficA4 ".y0 411/ i / PROJ.NO. / /j# J/ i / iit7 •110 ';',? "frig /r PI"' ?lr - ADDRESS CITY PHONE moa- JOB LOCATION 4 //'//,l'2 6 ihygi-tea 4,14-1 A7 cw k.i.-- EQuip.# - iiiPic( t;:fi.ripri;/a r 7-,;74)/0 END 140/1 .7) „3./‘ START ,iniii I "1i./6/1 )WI/fit: TOTL HOURS 'IL.)Wit:tj Static Level GPM Yield AA A910 7-t"2 f) Bags of Bentonite Avzi,/74:ey'l-;071141/,: . 74, >-'171:14 <1,444.471),/ -- // i 0 Cy . DEPTH WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP 47-171, , x; r' 3 ''' T )' 1) 6 F . , • • • TIME DRILL LOG CASING 4.41 M W - Drilling, Inc. 070 (//A1 ',1 /a f'rie15- ' 2-1 I, ---- i ''' ‘ , . ./' i I/5 / aati Aqtqf ;1ittl r DATE 4,Oivi-4-iliqvapt , . cREwA' 5141504, 7.7,46 I /7f. saAii) ! *' 4 NAME NAME di:ia / , PRO - O. p ..'5. /67# r ADDRESS / - ;Mr CITY /I: PHONE ," 1 iiiriiii ;*' 1,(X14;40 JOB LOCATION AVadiff,-;:,--,;fikip?...../r„-- ty 4145-- EQUIP# END START TOTAL HOURS Static Level GPM Yield Bags of Bentonite — DEPTH WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP _ ______ • • TIME DRILL LOG CASING M-W Drilling, Inc. • I id r,17,1t; 5r, CD© cc DATE /7J// 7 a/i441/6 1/1W CREW t5 I/1/444 NA if ' PROJ.NO. ftip; a4,<IN I/A16 An,)/4 •/u 1/, ADDRESS CITY PHONE tiffS JOB LOCATION/ f '710/ EQUIP# END START TOTAL HOURS Static Level GPM Yield Bags of Bentonite DEPTH WELL LOG 0- CASING STICK UP Appendix D Pilgrim Hot Springs Well Head Repairs 1 Pilgrim Hot Springs Geothermal Exploration Project Pilgrim Hot Springs Wellhead Repair Prepared by: Dan Brotherton, Arctic Drilling, Inc. & Markus Mager, ACEP Fairbanks Alaska, September 2010 Alaska Center for Energy and Power University of Alaska PO Box 755910 Fairbanks, AK 99775‐5910 2 Pilgrim Hot Springs Wellhead Repair Prepared by: Dan Brotherton, Arctic Drilling, Inc. & Markus Mager, ACEP Overview This task was completed in two phases, including: 1) an initial site visit in July 2010 to assess the condition of the six existing wells and develop a work plan for replacing the wellhead assemblies as needed, and 2) a second trip to the site to complete the work outlined in the work plan. This trip took place September 13th‐18th. The goal was to stop the wells from leaking, and make them accessible for instrumentation as part of the DOE funded project ‘Innovative Geothermal Exploration of Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska’. This report details the work performed on the individual wellheads during the September trip, which included replacing the gate valves on 4 of the 6 wells, including PS‐1, PS‐3, PS‐4 and MI‐1. At this time, none of the wells are leaking to the surface although there are still weak points which need to be addressed in the future. Recommendations for future work are outlined in this report. The team performing the work included Dan Brotherton from Arctic Drilling, Richard Eggert, and Max Iyapana from Bering Straits Development Company (BSDC), and Markus Mager from ACEP. For each of the four wellheads that were repaired, the team removed the existing gate valves by pumping down the water level in order to access the well and installing new, stainless steel valves. A detailed work description for each well can be found on the following pages. The team did not alter the configuration of the wellheads except for installing an additional fitting on top of the blind flanges capping the gate valves that can accept a 3” stainless standpipe with a tee and a valve to allow future installation of monitoring and logging equipment. A 1” access port with a plug was also built into the top of the blind flange. We recommend installing chains and locks on all the new valves and that all valves should be tested for functionality (opened/closed) at least once a year. Winterization of all the wells is necessary in order to prevent freezing and cracking of the gate valves. A plan for winterization has been forwarded in a separate communication that is attached to this report. Mobilization All new valves (6), parts, tools and supplies, totaling 3,842lbs, were purchased or rented by ACEP and shipped to Nome via Northern Air Cargo (NAC). Additional heavy equipment such as 4 wheelers, trailers, a bobcat and an air compressor were rented in Nome from BSDC. All parts, tools and equipment were transported to the side on September 13th and 14th and staged at the central staging area (Figure 1). Repair work began on the 15th, and was completed on the 18th. 3 Figure 1. Central staging area for repairs. PS‐4 (Completed September 14‐15th) PS‐4 supplies the water for the hot tub from a 2in lower valve. The well was leaking from a ½ inch hole in the blind flange on top of the 10in well gate valve and from the corroded 2in valves on each side of the 10in casing underneath the 10in valve (Figure 2). The lower bolt flange of the 10in valve was covered with mineral buildup and corrosion scale. There was a small pond around the well at the level of the 2in side valves from the constant leaking and overflow from the tub. The team laid down timbers and planks to create a stable work platform and removed mineral build up and rust scale from the lower bolt flange (Figure 3). After various failed attempts to release the old 10in valve from the well flange, the bolts had to be cut off with a torch (Figure 4 & 5). 4 Figure 2. Arrows show areas of leaking on PS‐4. Figure 3. Removing buildup and scale and attempting unsuccessfully to cut the flange bolts with a Sawzall. 5 Figure 4. Cutting bolts to remove old gate valve. Figure 5. Removing gate valve with Bobcat – note artesian flow from well. 6 PS‐4 has an inner 8in and an outer 10in casing. The outer casing is corroded and thin. The 8in/10in annulus (space between the two casings) continued to produce water after the water level inside the 8in casing was drawn down. This indicates a likelihood that they are set to different depths and water is produced from a different production zone in the annular space than through the main hole. In order to weld on new 2in nipples, this water would need to be drawn down. We were able to partly draw this water down with a 1in suction tube, but it was ultimately decided to not risk changing the 2in nipples after it was determined they are corroded but still sound (probably just as sound as the casing). Dan was not confident that the casing could be welded given its state of deterioration, so rather than risk creating a difficult to stop leak, the original nipples were left in place and only the 2in valves were replaced with new stainless 2” valves (Figure 6). Figure 6. New valves. The flange on this well is partly eaten away but still appears to be sound. The well is artesian and produces clear water. We installed a new 10in stainless steel valve with reducer flange on top connected to a 3in threaded nipple with a stainless cap. The well has no visible leaks and has been re‐connected to the hot tub via one of the new 2in valves. Further repairs on this wellhead will be needed in the near future. The 10in casing and the 2in nipples are thin and will eventually start leaking with no way to control or stop the flow. Dan recommends that the 8‐10in annulus be cemented from the bottom up to the top via tremie pipe which would seal off the corroded outer casing from the well water and would extend the life of the well. We are also recommending locks on the 2in valves to guarantee flow to the hot tub, prevent accidently closure (or opening) and to prevent well freeze up since this well will presumably not be shut in through the winter. If this is the case, it is imperative that the 2in valve remains open to prevent the new gate valve from freezing. 7 PS‐3 (Completed September 15‐16th) Prior to repairs, this well was leaking through the standpipe at the top of the well and later, after we started to remove buildup and scale (Figure 8), from a hole in the side of the 10in valve (Figure 7). We were unable to plug this leak so we dug a sump hole to drain the fluid and temporarily pump it away from the well and surrounding work space. Figure 7. Image showing leaks and corroded standpipe. 8 Figure 8. Removing scale and buildup. There was significant corrosion to several of the bolts connecting the existing gate valve to the wellhead flange, which necessitated cutting them off with a torch. We were able to drive out some of the bolts once they were cut, but several posed additional challenges and had to be removed in chunks. The torch was damaged during this process. Eventually we were able to remove the old 10in valve and replace it with the new stainless valve and bolts. The lower flange of the wellhead is severely corroded and the new flange bolts are exposed. The flange thickness is about half of original thickness and there is barely enough material left to secure new flange bolts (Figure 9). The well was completed with a new capped gate valve and blind flange, with a 3in nipple and cap. There is a 2in valve below the flange which was left in place as it is not currently leaking. Dan was not confident the well casing is sound enough to permit replacement of this valve. Figure 9. Exposed bolts, new valves. 9 PS‐3 is hotter than PS‐4 and produces clear water. There is also a 6in inner casing in this well that comes to the top of the 10in casing. Once the old valve was replaced, there were no visible leaks. Figure 10 shows a comparison of the old PS‐4 valve flange and the old PS‐3 valve flange. Figure 10. Old 10in valves from PS‐3 and PS‐4. Note severe corrosion on lower PS‐3 flange. Further repairs will be needed to this wellhead soon. Dan recommends cementing the 6‐10” annulus from the bottom up with tremie pipe so that the side valve can be removed and the main well flange can be replaced. This will protect the well from a permanent leak if one develops from the corroded casing. MI‐1 (Completed September 16‐18th) This well is located on adjacent Mary’s Igloo Native Corporation land. The top of the 10in gate valve was split in half, probably due to a freeze break. We were able to open and close the old gate valve but could not completely stop the flow of the well. MI‐1 is colder than PS‐4, and the water temperature of this artesian well appears to fluctuate. When flowed for a short period of time it produced gray, silty fluids. The well has no visible inner well casing. Due to leaks in the wellhead, a small pond had formed around the well several inches deep. We cleaned out an existing trench leading away from the well and the pond drained away to ground level. We built a work platform around the well and removed mineral build up, rust and scale from the bolts. Dan cut the bolts and drove them out with the torch. We removed and replaced the 10in valve with new stainless steel valve and bolts (Figure 11). The new gate valve is capped with a blind flange with 3in welded nipple and cap. 10 Figure 11. Work commences on MI‐1. Note artesian flow prior to pumping. Prior to repairs, the well was also leaking from several holes corroded through the casing below the gate valve flange. These leaks continued after installing, capping and shutting the new gate valve. The casing is paper thin midway between the flange and the cement. Dan welded a sleeve around the casing from about 2in above the cement level up to the flange, totaling about 14in. In order to weld on the sleeve, he completely removed the side valve, nipple and weldolet from the 10in casing. The sleeve stopped the leaks temporarily but the casing below the sleeve is thin and remains a significant weakness (Figure 12). Dan recommends installing a 6in inner casing and cementing the annulus from the bottom to the top via tremie in order to prevent further leaking once the casing corrodes further. Figure 12. Casing conditions of MI‐1. 11 PS‐1 (Completed September 18th) PS‐1 is the hottest of the repaired wells. This well was buried past the valve handle and covered with several inches of mineral buildup. Before repairs, it leaked out of a corroded two inch elbow from the top of the wellhead, as well as the remains of a 2in valve and a 1in hole in the top of the well cap (Figure 13). These holes were plugged with sticks driven into the openings after some of the mineral build up was removed. We then excavated around the well to just below the lower valve flange covering an 8ft by 10ft area, dug a sump hole for the water pump and laid down blocking and timbers for a work platform. We removed the mineral build up and de‐scaled what remained of the bolts (Figure 14). Figure 13. PS‐1 after excavation but before repair work. 12 Figure 14. Removing scale and buildup prior to replacing gate valve. When the gate valve was removed, it was evident that the lower flange was almost completed corroded away with no bolt heads remaining and the bolt threads visible from the side of the flange. We used the torch to remove the bolts, removed the old gate valve, cleaned up the flange as much as possible, and installed the new 6in stainless valve topped with a stainless blind flange, 3in nipple and cap (Figure 15). Figure 15. New valve installed on PS‐1. Note collapsed suction hose due to high temperatures. This well has a 4in inner casing inside the 6in outer casing, and does not have any lower casing 2in valves. There is not much left of the well flange, just barely enough to bolt on the new valve. The well is sealed and does not 13 leak at this time. We backfilled around the well but not to the previous level so it is possible to access valve handle. We left the remaining dirt piled to the side of the excavated area. Dan recommends installing a short (18in) spool section underneath the new gate valve to raise the valve above ground level and permit the well to be backfilled to ground level. This would also eliminate the standing water around the well, which is now below grade. He also recommends cementing the 4in‐6in annulus and welding on a new casing flange in order to prevent future leaks. PS‐2 This well is buried but inaccessible with rubber tired backhoe. We did not attempt to dig up this well. The wellhead valve is not corroded or leaking. We will attempt to make it accessible for instrumentation in 2011. Figure 16. PS‐2 buried but not leaking. We will need to excavate and replace valve before this well can be accessed with instruments. PS‐5 This well is also not corroded or leaking so we did not replace the valve at this time. We will attempt to make it accessible for instrumentation in 2011. 14 Figure 17. PS‐5 still appears to be in good shape, but not accessible by instrumentation. Winterization Plan for Wellheads (Dick Benoit and Gwen Holdmann) The trick to keeping a wellhead from freezing and then breaking during sub freezing weather is to inject a liquid that is both less dense than water and has a very low freezing point into the wellhead. This fluid needs to be environmentally benign so that when (not if) it is spilled or leaks out of the wellhead it does no environmental damage. Typically a food grade vegetable oil has been used in the lower 48. A small pump is used to pump the oil into the highest opening in the wellhead but if the pressures are very low even a hand operated pump may be enough to do the job. We expect this to be the case for the Pilgrim wells. This pump obviously needs to be able to overcome the internal wellhead pressure and can pump at low rates. You will need to know how much oil has been pumped into the wellhead. Enough oil needs to be pumped into the wellhead to push or displace the water down the well to a point below the freezing level, which is probably not more than a few feet. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the wellhead above ground and a few feet of wellbore below ground. We expect this might amount of a few tens of gallons per well. It is important to check the wellhead for leaks, no matter how slow, before injecting the vegetable oil. If the oil leaks out of the wellhead then the water will flow back up in the wellhead and freeze. 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Baldivieso <ABaldivieso@aidea.org> Sent: Monday, June 15, 2015 1:57 PM To: Bettis, Patricia K(DOA) Cc: Guhl, Meredith D (DOA);Colombie,Jody J (DOA) Subject: RE: Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 Hi Patricia, During our earlier conversations, Guy had indicated that the applications for sundry approvals should be submitted by the contractor selected to perform the work. I just spoke with the contractor—MW Drilling—who indicated that he intends to submit the applications later this week. I understand that Wayne Westberg from MW Drilling has been in touch with Guy to clarify expectations for the applications. Best, Alan Baldivieso Program Manager Alaska Energy Authority (907)771-3027 From: Bettis, Patricia K(DOA) [mailto:patricia.bettis@alaska.govj Sent: Monday,June 15,2015 1:38 PM To:Alan P. Baldivieso Cc:Guhi, Meredith D (DOA); Colombie,Jody J (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 Good afternoon Alan, The AOGCC has not received any sundry applications for the plugging and abandonment of the Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 wells. Does AEA plan to submit those application in the near future? Thank you; Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage,AK 99501 Tel: (907)793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE:This e-mail message,including any attachments,contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission(AOGCC),State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information.The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law.If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it,without first saving or forwarding it,and,so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you,contact Patricia Bettis at(907)793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. 1 • • 1:::41.7*A\ ir 11111111110 ENERGY AUTHORITY March 9, 2015 Commissioner Cathy Foerster Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Re: Pilgrim Hot Springs Geothermal Wells Docket No: OTH-14-019 Dear Commissioner Foerster: The Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC)has requested that the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development(DCCED) submit a plan to suspend or plug and abandon six geothermal wells: Pilgrim Springs 1 - 5 and Mary's Igloo 1. The Alaska Energy Authority(AEA) is working on behalf of DCCED to develop a plan for these wells in compliance with 20 AAC 25.105 and 20 AAC 25.112. Alan Baldivieso, AEA geothermal program manager,has consulted with Patricia Bettis and Guy Schwartz at AOGCC to gather information and outline the steps required to plug and abandon all six wells. Alan has also contacted representatives of local landowners to confirm this is the preferred outcome. Based on these conversations and recommendations from AOGCC staff, AEA proposes to solicit bids through AEA's procurement process and select a contractor to perform the work; submit applications for sundry approval for the six wells to AOGCC;plug the wells according to the accepted plan with work estimated to be completed by September 30, 2015. I understand AOGCC staff has voiced support with the proposed course of action. Please let me know if you require additional information. Si rely, -- C.\°--6'1.- ' Sa a fisher-Goad Executive Director cc: Fred Parady, DCCED Acting Commissioner akenergyauthcrity.org 813 West Northern Lights Boulevard Anchorage.Alaska 99503 T 907 771 3000 Toll Free(Alaska Only)888.300.8534 F 907.771.3044 R�,07? Z SL/6 3 Guhl, Meredith D (DOA) From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Tuesday, March 03, 2015 1:51 PM To: Guhl, Meredith D (DOA) Cc: Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Subject: FW: ACEP Reconnaissance Trip Report Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Dated 2010 Attachments: AppD_wellhead repairs.pdf Meredith, Per our discussion, please put a copy of the Wellhead Repair Report into Laserfiche Well History Folder for each of the following wells: �j -/`r� �']!� _ 014 V/k) Pilgrim Springs -2 (PTI) 179-085) Pilgrim Springs -3 (PTD 179-090) Pilgrim Springs -4 (PTD 106-274) Pilgrim Springs -5 (PTD 100-275) Mary's Igloo -1 (PTD 100-276). (SCANNED MA- 6 4 :015 Please also place a reference in RBDMS for each PTD that the report was received March 3, 2015. Thanks, Patricia From: Alan P. Baldivieso [mailto:ABaldiviesoCcbaidea.orol Sent: Tuesday, March 03, 2015 1:00 PM To: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA); Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Subject: RE: ACEP Reconnaissance Trip Report Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Dated 2010 Thank you, Patricia. I spoke with Chris and he sent the attached report detailing the repairs that the University had done to some of the wellheads. Based on the conversation I had with Guy this morning, the application for sundry approvals will need to include specifics from the contractor that is ultimately selected to perform the work. I have identified several contractors that are familiar with the Pilgrim Hot Springs wells, but will need to accept bids through our procurement process prior to awarding the contract. I anticipate that the earliest the work can begin will be in July, although the road to the site may be clear of snow earlier than usual this year. I will specify that the work be completed by Sept 30, 2015. Is this approach to plugging and abandoning the 6 wells acceptable? Thank you, Alan Baldivieso Program Manager Geothermal, Hydrokinetic, Emerging Energy Technologies • -;cv% 1%% 6 THE STATE Alaska. Gil and Gas i< t2 _ 333 West Seventh Avenue GOVERNOR BILL WALKER Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3572 Main: 907 279 1433 ®4,4, ALAS�¢' Fax 907.276.7542 January 7, 2015 www•aogcc.alaska.gov CERTIFIED MAIL— RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7012 3050 0001 4812 6839 Fred Parady Acting Commissioner Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development P.O. Box 110800 Juneau, AK 99811-0800 Re: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells-Request for Extension Docket No: OTH-14-019 Dear Mr. Parady: The Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC) received the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development's (DCCED) request for an extension to the December 15, 2014 deadline for submittal of an acceptable plan and schedule for either the plugging and abandoning in compliance with 20 AAC 25.105 and 20 AAC 25.112 or suspension under 20 AAC 25.110 for the Pilgrim Springs-1 through 5 and the Mary's Igloo-1 geothermal wells. The AOGCC hereby GRANTS an extension until March 10, 2015 for the submittal of an acceptable plan and schedule for either the plugging and abandoning or suspension of the Pilgrim Springs 1 through 5 and the Mary's Igloo 1 geothermal wells. If the AOGCC does not receive an acceptable plan and schedule for the fore-mentioned wells, the AOGCC will notice a public hearing to determine whether remedial action is necessary with regard to the wells and which entity will bear responsibility for compliance. Please call Ms. Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 if you have questions concerning this matter. Sincerely, Cat y P.Foerster Chair, Commissioner L S. Postal Service,. CERTIFIED MAILTM RECEIPT (Domestic Mail Only;No Insurance Coverage Provided) co For delivery Information visit our website at www.usps.come IU ri co Postage $ Certified Fee Return Receipt Fee Postmark (Endorsement Required) Here Restricted Delivery Fee to (Endorsement Required) LP) Total Postage&Fees In Fred Parady fu Sent To Acting Commissioner 1-3 Alaska Department of Commerce, 0 Street,Apt.No.; N orPOBoxNo. Community,and Economic Development City,State,ZIP+4 Post Office Box 110800 Juneau,AK 99811-0800 P F. a :#1.a -- - -_- SENDER: COMPLETE THIS SECTION COMPLETE THIS SECTION ON DELIVERY a Complete items 1,2,and 3.Also complete A. Signature ®Agent item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. X 0 Addressee a Print your name and address on the reverse C. Date of Delivery so that we can return the card to you. B. Received by(Printed Name) Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, or on the front if space permits. D. Is delivery eddrees cOiffereptrfrom item 1? 0 Yes 1. Article Addressed to: If YES,enter del{vei}i address below: 0 No STATE OF ALASKA 4INISTRATInr,: Fred Parady Acting Commissioner 3. Service Type Alaska Department of Commerce, 0 Certified Mail® 0 Priority Mail Express'" Community,and Economic Development 0 Registered 0 Return Receipt for Merchandise Post Office Box 110800 0 Insured Mail 0 Collect on Delivery l uneau,AK 99811-0800 4. Restricted Delivery?(Extra Fee) 0 Yes 2. Article Number 7 012 3050 0001 4 812 6839 (Transfer from service label) PS Form 3811,July 2013 Domestic Return Receipt • • • 51,P.—1%%%sem TI-IE STAT'F• Department Commerce,eCommunity, ,-i�dati, of TAsKA an Economic Development iia e.= _ _ OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER ofih: Al . P.O.Box 110800 GOVERNOR BILL WALKER ! \;P, ).- „7a' • ' 't r-r- al'-'-' Juneau,Alaska 99811-0800 OF ALAS�P Main:907.465.2500 DEC i 5 2014 Programs fax:907.465.5442 AOGOC December 8, 2014 Ms. Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West Seventh Avenue Anchorage,AK 99501 Dear Ms. Bettis: As you know from our conversation last week, DCCED has been working diligently to respond to your letter of September 12th regarding the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells issue, Docket No: OTH-14-019. We have gathered substantial historical information and believe a proposed plan for the wells with the current project proponents is the solution although it remains unclear as to the specifics of DCCED's current responsibility and best path forward. Any action regarding the wells for which DCCED is listed as the operator appears to require coordination with the land owners Unataaq and Mary's Igloo Native Corporation. Regardless, pending completion of this research and sorting out these responsibilities,we would like to request a 60 day extension. We understand that ACEP has been or will be in contact with you regarding the four wells for which ACEP is the operator of record. Please feel free to contact me at any time regarding this matter. Sincerely, • 11011. J ' , Fred Parady Acting Commissioner cc: Sara Fisher-Goad, Executive Director,Alaska Energy Authority Sean Skaling, Program Development and Project Evaluation Director,Alaska Energy Authority `v OF rye • �w\�����jys� THE STATE Alaska Oil and Gas mw -ti�- '� of Conservation Commission -- ALASI�;A - f • '= ' 333 West Seventh Avenue y GOVERNOR BILL WALKER Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3572 Main: 907.279.1433 OF ALAS1 � Fax: 907.276.7542 www.aogcc.alaska.gov NN' RUG 1 2 2015 Wayne E. Westberg SLp► PresidentO `a M-W Drilling, Inc. (ADCCED) 1,j1 P.O. Box 110389 Anchorage, AK 99511 Re: Pilgrim Hot Springs Field, Undefined Geothermal Pool, PS-1 Sundry Number: 315-394 Dear Mr. Westberg: Enclosed is the approved application for sundry approval relating to the above referenced well. Please note the conditions of approval set out in the enclosed form. As provided in AS 31.05.080, within 20 days after written notice of this decision, or such further time as the AOGCC grants for good cause shown, a person affected by it may file with the AOGCC an application for reconsideration. A request for reconsideration is considered timely if it is received by 4:30 PM on the 23rd day following the date of this letter, or the next working day if the 23rd day falls on a holiday or weekend. Sincerely, ij 2,<—.-24.- _ Cathy P. oerster Chair DATED this 3/ day of July, 2015 Encl. RECEIVED JUN 2 2 2U1; STATE OF ALASKA D 7S 7/3/4S ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION APPLICATION FOR SUNDRY APPROVALS ` .e">�a ' 20 AAC 25.280 1.Type of Request: Abandon❑✓ Plug Perforations❑ Fracture Stimulate ❑ Pull Tubing ❑ Operations shutdown❑ Suspend❑ Perforate ❑ Other Stimulate ❑ Alter Casing Cl Change Approved Program❑ Plug for Redrill❑ Perforate New Pool ❑ Repair Well ❑ Re-enter Susp Well ❑ Other: ❑ 2.Operator Name: 4.Current Well Class: 5.Permit to Drill Number: M-W Drilling,Inc.((Oicrc,jipJ\\�( �' 6A �� .otarj(r; jlpratory Q Development ❑ 1?- -07-8 3.Address: �-�-/ Stratigraphic ElService CI6.API Number: PO Box 110389,Anchorage AK 99511 50-O3 I— Op O I-as —OC. 7.If perforating: 8.Well Name and Number: What Regulation or Conservation Order governs well spacing in this pool? AA PS-1 AOGC 179-078 Will planned perforations require a spacing exception? ❑ Yes No ❑i 9.Property Designation(Lease Number): qk1.) 10.Field/Pool(s): 1 FFE - V 1 In Pilgrim Hot Springs iJn JFJ,1j /46- ' 11. PRESENT WELL CONDITION SUMMARY Total Depth MD(ft): Total Depth ND(ft): Effective Depth MD(ft): Effective Depth ND(ft): Plugs(measured): Junk(measured): /031 160 90 90 Casing Length Size MD TVD Burst Collapse Structural Conductor Surface Intermediate Production 160 6 5/8" 160 Liner Perforation Depth MD(ft): Perforation Depth ND(ft): Tubing Size: ,1 Tubing Grade: Tubing MD(ft): N/A 60—/(y)1 60-100 Packers and SSSV Type: Packers and SSSV MD(ft)and ND(ft): 12.Attachments: Description Summary of Proposal E 13.Well Classter proposed work: Detailed Operations Program ❑ BOP Sketch ❑ Exploratory (] Stratigraphic❑ Development❑ Service ❑ 14.Estimated Date for 1-Aug-15 15.Well Status after proposed work: Commencing Operations: OIL ❑ WINJ ❑ WDSPL ❑ Suspended ❑ 16.Verbal Approval: Date: GAS ❑ WAG ❑ GSTOR ❑ SPLUG ❑ Commission Representative: GINJ ❑ Op Shutdown ❑ Abandoned ❑ 17.I hereby certify that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Contact Email mw@mwdrillinginc.com Printed Name Wa e .Westberg President 6/21/2015 01 ii Signature / / 77 /; ,o. 907-345-4000 Date // / COMMISSION USE ONLY Conditions of approval: Notify Commission so that a repr•sentative may witness Sundry Number: .3i� 3qLi Plug Integrity 37 BOP Test ❑ Mechanical Integrity Test ❑ Location Clearance ❑ Other: IL Rkyl DLi.. sccj `1-5-1. / 5 WeXC�( flJ- 514_6.. ktAid,1 3fr 4L. ,:-../. g" A S - ..-. Spacing Exception Required? Yes ❑ No [ Subsequent Form Required: /0-L/0 7 APPROVED BY Approved by: f COMMISSIONER THE COMMISSION , Date: 7..34., JS- ? 3e, f NAL 6I�y1 s RBDMS AUG - 2 2015 ORIGI ,� >�o � Submit Form and Form 10-403 Revised 5/2015 Approved application is valid for 12 months from the date of approval. Attachments in Duplicate M-W Drilling, Inc. RECEIVED June 22, 2015 JUN 2 2 2015 AOGCC To: Commissioner, Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission RE: Pilgrim Hot Springs Geothermal Wells/AEA Construction Contract 15-121 Subject: Notice of Intent to Plug &Abandon 6 Geothermal Exploration Wells Dear Sir: This is to notify the commission per 11AAC87.160 our intention to plug the following geothermal wells at Pilgrim Hot Springs: PS-1 AOGC 179-078 PS-2 AOGC 179-085 PS-3 AOGC 179-090 PS-4 AOGC 100-274 PS-5 AOGC 100-275 MI-5 AOGC 100-276 Enclosed are our applications for sundry approvals. Tha -ou, e E. Westberg, M C President M-W Drilling, Inc. • P.O. Box 110389 ♦Anchorage, AK 99511 • • Phone: 907-345-4000 ♦ Fax: 907-345-3287 • • mw©mwdrillinginc.com •www.mwdrillinginc.com • 's are our business!!! Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) From: mw@mwdrillinginc.com Sent: Wednesday,July 29, 2015 4:33 PM To: Schwartz,Guy L(DOA) Subject: AOGC Well No. 179-078 (aka PS-1): Plug and Abandonment Plan Description Per our discussions: 1. Well head—remove 6" blind flange and open 6"gate valve 2. Run 1.25"tremie pipe to 90 feet or as far as it will go. 3. Cement from the bottom up to-3 feet from surface with an API Class A cement slurry consisting of the following component mix: • Class A cement, 1 sack 0.48 CF • Sand,fine 1.0 CF • Water(9 gals) 1.2 CF • Bentonite,fine grained (4 lbs) Lid" '°',`"' • Slurry yield 4. Cut off the wellhead at-3 feet and weld on a 0.250"steel plate with the AOGC Well number welded on it 5. Notes: calculated well volume=32 CF;when last logged in 2013 well was open to 90 feet. Wayne E.Westberg, MGWC President p4 l_ D a«,.,„ ..,, ,. • /) C�s;ka c1`oIly M-W Drilling, Inc. r b 2) �Jlr.. , 907-345-4000 J Cell:440-2536 3) 5;/� / o ` x .035`t;61-/ " SS al-44 6 4TIS G�5 �- 7.3L•:S' 1 Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) From: mw@mwdrillinginc.com Sent Thursday,July 30, 2015 8:33 AM To: Schwartz,Guy L (DOA) Subject: Attachment to Pilgrim P&A Plan Descriptions API Class A cement slurry components: --Class A Cement, 1 sack 0.48 CF --Sand,fine 1.00 CF --Water(9 gals) 1.2 CF --Bentonite,fine grained (4 lbs) Total slurry yield for each cement sack 2.68 CF Wayne E. Westberg, MGWC President M-W Drilling, Inc. 907-345-4000 Cell:440-2536 i Attachment to Application for Sundry Approvals Description Summary of Proposal PS-1 AOGC 179-078 - Cement from bottom to surface - Cutoff well head and cap with welded %" plate on casing a PS-1 t Well PS-1 was drilled in November of 1979. Originalljrthe well was drilled to a depth of 160 feet and cased with 6" casing. The casing was perforated at a depth of 60 feet to 100 feet. Recent loging equipment has only been able to get 90 feet deet I've never seen a diagram of the well casing. I believe it is 6"to TD. �t 0 00 x i v t l M s r ter: PS-2 Well PS-2 was drilled inve`nber of 1979. It was drilled 150 feet deep and cased with 6 inch casing. The casing is perforated from 60 feet to 105 feet below GL. The well has not been opened since 1982 and it is unknown how deep the well is open to. It is sinking into the--crotid and the valve on the wellhead is half burried. It does not appear to be leaking, but its full condition is unknown due to its ah I, f burned pition and the lack of recent experience with the well. For calculation sake, I'd assume it is open to-120 ft. T-fie well is likely cased with 6"casing all the way to TD. mf '- 3 4 "., �* u to 4 pillilk, , ill,,..41,,,,01,,- - ,,,, ' :, , ,,,,a ...-_,„,40;4:' 40"1/4 > ,t 7 /.1=M/A\ \</°‘ OM. ENERGY AUTHORITY March 9, 2015 / IJ ) —� o Commissioner Cathy Foerster Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Re: Pilgrim Hot Springs Geothermal Wells Docket No: OTH-14-019 Dear Commissioner Foerster: The Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC)has requested that the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development (DCCED) submit a plan to suspend or plug and abandon six geothermal wells: Pilgrim Springs 1 - 5 and Mary's Igloo 1. The Alaska Energy Authority(AEA) is working on behalf of DCCED to develop a plan for these wells in compliance with 20 AAC 25.105 and 20 AAC 25.112. Alan Baldivieso, AEA geothermal program manager, has consulted with Patricia Bettis and Guy Schwartz at AOGCC to gather information and outline the steps required to plug and abandon all six wells. Alan has also contacted representatives of local landowners to confirm this is the preferred outcome. Based on these conversations and recommendations from AOGCC staff, AEA proposes to solicit bids through AEA's procurement process and select a contractor to perform the work; submit applications for sundry approval for the six wells to AOGCC; plug the wells according to the accepted plan with work estimated to be completed by September 30, 2015. I understand AOGCC staff has voiced support with the proposed course of action. Please let me know if you require additional information. Si - -rely, Of0071,-(k, . ----� Sa a fisher-Goad Executive Director cc: Fred Parady, DCCED Acting Commissioner cstifsne f 9yP.tithority.co C1 813 West Northern,L.ghts©r Ievarrd And Drage,Alaska 99503 T 907 771 3000 Toll Free(Alaska Only)888 300 8534 F 907 771.3044 +,\AN ?-S-1 Transmittal letter to be sent to: Chris Hladick, Commissioner Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development P.O. Box 110800 Juneau,AK 99811-0800 Wayne E.Westberg, President M-W Drilling, Inc. PO Box 110389 Anchorage,AK 99511 Cc: Alan P. Baldivieso, Geothermal Program Manager Alaska Energy Authority 813 West Northern Lights Blvd. Anchorage,AK 99503 Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) ?Th '7?- 078 From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Monday, June 15, 2015 1:38 PM To: 'Alan P. Baldivieso' Cc: Guhl, Meredith D (DOA); Colombie,Jody J (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 Good afternoon Alan, The AOGCC has not received any sundry applications for the plugging and abandonment of the Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 wells. Does AEA plan to submit those application in the near future? Thank you, Patricia Patricia Bettis SCANNED JUN 3 Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE:This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission(AOGCC),State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information.The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it,without first saving or forwarding it, and,so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at(907)793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. 1 . Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) ? From: Alan P. Baldivieso <ABaldivieso@aidea.org> Sent: Monday, June 15, 2015 1:57 PM To: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Cc: Guhl, Meredith D (DOA); Colombie,Jody J (DOA) Subject: RE: Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 Hi Patricia, During our earlier conversations, Guy had indicated that the applications for sundry approvals should be submitted by the contractor selected to perform the work. I just spoke with the contractor—MW Drilling—who indicated that he intends to submit the applications later this week. I understand that Wayne Westberg from MW Drilling has been in touch with Guy to clarify expectations for the applications. Best, Alan Baldivieso Program Manager Alaska Energy Authority SCANNED ,_li1.Ri 2 6 015 (907) 771-3027 From: Bettis, Patricia K(DOA) [mailto:patricia.bettis@alaska.gov] Sent: Monday,June 15, 2015 1:38 PM To:Alan P. Baldivieso Cc: Guhl, Meredith D (DOA); Colombie,Jody J (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 Good afternoon Alan, The AOGCC has not received any sundry applications for the plugging and abandonment of the Pilgrim Springs 1-5 and Mary's Igloo 1 wells. Does AEA plan to submit those application in the near future? Thank you, Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE:This e-mail message, including any attachments,contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission(AOGCC),State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information.The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it,without first saving or forwarding it, and,so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at(907)793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. 1 Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) �i 1 I--9- 0 From: Mattson, Linda J (CED) Sent: Wednesday, December 10, 2014 9:OS AM To: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Cc: Fishergoad, Sara L (AIDEA); Skaling, Sean M (AIDEA); Parady, Fred E (CED) Subject: Signed Letter from Acting Commissioner Fred Parady Attachments: 12.08.14 Patricia Bettis Pilgrim Springs Letter.pdf SCANNED DEC 10 2014 Good Morning Ms. Bettis, Attached you will find a copy of a letter regarding the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells issue that has been signed by Acting Commissioner Fred Parady. The original is in the mail to you. Please feel free to contact us at 465-2500 if you have any further questions. Cordially, Linda Mattson Executive Secretary Office of the Commissioner Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development THE STATE Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development o f ALASKA OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER UA] kNo k 13111. �'t;1LKI-_R P.O. Box 110800 Juneau. Alaska 99811 0800 Main: 907.465.2500 December 8, 2014 Ms. Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West Seventh Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Dear Ms. Bettis: Programs tax: 901 465.544? As you know from our conversation last week, DCCED has been working diligently to respond to your letter of September 12`h regarding the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells issue, Docket No: OTH-14-019. We have gathered substantial historical information and believe a proposed plan for the wells with the current project proponents is the solution although it remains unclear as to the specifics of DCCED's current responsibility and best path forward. Any action regarding the wells for which DCCED is listed as the operator appears to require coordination with the land owners Unataaq and Mary's Igloo Native Corporation. Regardless, pending completion of this research and sorting out these responsibilities, we would like to request a 60 day extension. We understand that ACEP has been or will be in contact with you regarding the four wells for which ACEP is the operator of record. Please feel free to contact me at any time regarding this matter. Sincerely, Fred Parady ) Acting Commissioner cc: Sara Fisher -Goad, Executive Director, Alaska Energy Authority Sean Skaling, Program Development and Project Evaluation Director, Alaska Energy Authority Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) From: Sara Fisher -Goad <SFisherGoad@aidea.org> Sent: Thursday, December 04, 2014 4:48 PM To: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Cc: Parady, Fred E (CED); Bittner, Jon S (CED); Skaling, Sean M (AIDEA); Baldivieso, Alan P (AIDEA) Subject: RE: Pilgrim Springs SCANNED DEC 10 2014 Attachments: AOGCC-correspondence.pdf Patricia —I've attached some scanned correspondence relating to the Pilgrim Hot Springs wells listing Commerce as the operator. The 2009 AOGCC correspondence with AEA regarding the wells is attached. Also attached is a letter from AOGCC to BSNC regarding wells 197078 and 179085. Could you please confirm who AOGCC considers responsible for the 6 wells that have Commerce listed as the operator? I understand UAF and Unaatuq will be responding to AOGCC's September 12, 2014 letter and addressing the 4 wells listing UAF as the operator of record. Sara Sara Fisher -Goad Executive Director Alaska Energy Authority 907-771-3012 (Office) 907-301-0103 (Cell) From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) [mailto:patricia.bettis@alaska.gov] Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 2:01 PM To: Sara Fisher -Goad Cc: Parady, Fred E (CED); Jon Bittner Subject: Pilgrim Springs Sara, The AOGCC records show the Division of Energy & Power as the operator of record for Pilgrim Springs -1, Pilgrim Springs - 2, Pilgrim Springs -3, Pilgrim Springs -4, Pilgrim Springs -5 and Mary's Igloo -1 geothermal wells. Hence, AOGCC's September 12, 2014 Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter was sent to the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. !r ��_! J I / �i-i SEAN PARNELL, GOVERNOR [i11L;/SHA OIL AND GAS 333 W. 7th AVENUE, SUITE 100 CONSERVATION COMMISSION ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501.3539 PHONE (907) 279-1433 FAX (907) 276-7542 November l8, 2009 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7009 2250 0004 3911 4986 Irene Anderson Bering Straits Native Corporation PO Box 1008 N 110 Front Street, Suite 300 Nome, Alaska 99762 Re: Wells Pilgrim Spring I (PTD 179078), Pilgrim Spring 2 (PTD 179085) Dear Ms. Anderson: In October, 1979 the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC or Commission) issued permits to drill the subject wells. The Commission is currently reviewing records for the purpose of identifying Alaska wells that have not been properly plugged and abandoned, and which thus may constitute safety or environmental hazards. Our records reveal that the wells identified above require remedial action to bring them into com- pliance with current Commission regulations. This remedial work will include cementing the wells in accordance with 20 AAC 25, Article 2. AOGCC is contacting you to request assis- tance in identifying current property ownership so that the required action can be taken. The Commission is also sending copies of this correspondence to the Catholic Church Fairbanks Diocese, to the entity identified as Mary's Igloo, and to Mr. Steve Haagenson, Executive Director of the Alaska Energy Authority, to make them aware of the potential hazards presented by these wells. It is our intention to have the responsible well owner properly plug and abandon the wells. Should the owner fail to do so, then AOGCC intends to contract to plug and abandon the wells, reserving the right to hold responsible parties financially accountable for costs incurred. if you have questions regarding this finding, please contact Mr, Winton Aubert, Senior Engineer, at 907-793-1231 or winton.aubert@aJaska.gov. Sincerely, � e Cathy P. erster Commiss oner cc: Catholic Church Fairbanks Diocese Steve Haagenson, SOA, Dept of Commerce COMPLETE THIS SECTION ON DELIVERY SENDER: COMPLETE THIS SECTION A. Signet •- ;,,Agent • Complete hems 1,2,and 3.Also complete hem 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. X fv- ` ;ie./ e� �' Addressee • Print your name and address on the reverse C. Date of Delivery so that we can return the card to you. B. Received by(PrIrrta�Name) a ■ Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, iNi ',a V_ ❑Yes or on the front if space permits. D. Is delivery address different from item 1? o 1. Article Addressed to: If YES,enter delivery address below: r /21 //.e/) poe /006 yry aI/ �r0/7 , - ,/' 3. SertType ified Mail 0 Express Mail /! ❑Registeredetum Receipt for Merchandise Ø'/7>74i5 Q7W ®Insured Mail ❑C.O.D. // 4. Restricted Delivery?(Extra Fee) 0 Yes 2. Article Number 7pp9 225° l]i134 3911, 4986 (Transfer from service label) 102595-024-1540 PS Form 3811,February 2004 Domestic Return Receipt U.S. Postal Service, CERTIFIED MAILTr., RECEIPT ..n (Domestic Mail Only;No Insurance Coverage Provided) m Q' For delivery information visit our website at www.usps.com r9 LiFFICIAL USE ri Ir Postage m u1SPS pr Certified Fee , CI Return Receipt Fee16 aAt it 0 (Endorsement Required) t,. ° � Helder 0 Restricted Delivery Fee _ ' X < (Endorsement Required) ?6,e, & fru Total Postage&FeesIIIMMII ` �'c, e IU . Er Sent To // j ._ ® Street,Apt,No.; N °r PO Box . ---- .-/.117 (...., --a ./__ City,City, srete.zIP+ / Arte/ 1/' .1e All PS Form 3800 August 2006 See Reverse for;nstructions 1E)Ek iment and Export Authority October 14. 2009 Ms. Cathy P. Foerster, Commissioner Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 W 7'h Avenue, Suite 100 Anchorage, AK 99501-3539 Re Status of Oil and Gas Wells Dear Ms Foerster. •': ALASKA 40C�__- ENERGY AUTHORITY RECEIVED OCT 1 6 2009 Alain 01 & Gn Cons. Comnitsiot Anchortpe I'm writing in response to your September 30, 2009, letter wherein you requested a letter to verify suspended, long-term shut-in and observation wells Subsequent to receiving the letter, AEA's Mike Harper conferred with Winton Aubert of your office. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no significant activity at Pilgrim Hot Springs since 1982 Our brief research shows that the only interest has been potential development of the geothermal hot springs in the area However, most significant is the ownership of this parcel containing the wells. It is our understanding that Pilgrim Hot Springs is owned by the Catholic Church for surface estate while the local Native Corporation, Mary's Igloo, is subsurface owner. If you desire further information about land issues you may wish to contact Irene Anderson of Bering Straits Native Corporation in Nome There has been talk of further research and exploration with the Mary's Igloo group possibly partnering with Alaska Center for Energy and Power at UAF. There is data that one can easily attain through the internet, but I have included two reports that will provide some background. If you desire further information please feel free to contact David Lockard, PE with our office at (907) 771-3062. Sincerely, ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY VW . (. V& Steve Haagenson Executive Director Attachments: 1982 Stanford University Report AEA 2007 Feasibility Report cc Tab Ballantine, Department of Law Irene Anderson, Bering Straits Native Corporation Gwen Holdmann, Alaska Center for Energy and Power David Lockard, AEA 813 West Northern Lights Boulevard • Anchorage, Alaska 99503-2495 www.aidea.org • 907/771-3000 0 FAX 907/771-3044 0 Toll Free (Alaska Only) 888/300-8534 • www.akenergyauthority.org iqiS' 1( l t , t Ft � � ,^ NK '� aee '`J, F ,f 4� F F L L 1 h ( P P r ,�1 _ u "e stt F`�F��, ' 1 SEAN PARNELL, GOVERNOR �._' � L' c� �!. _' �`_— ,'� v k..F i,_a:.-?6 k t P �.�e._ L, Com:�� ., ®c AI,ASIiA OIL AND GAS / 333 W.7th AVENUE,SUITE 100 CONSERVATION COMDIISSION f ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501-3539 PHONE (907)279-1433 FAX (907)276-7542 September 30, 2009 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7005 1160 0001 5753 9158 Steve Hagenson AEA Executive Director SCANNED ' 20 7 813 W. Northern Lights Blvd. Anchorage, AK 99503 Re: Failure to Respond to Request for Information(20 AAC 25.300) Status of Oil and Gas Wells Dear Mr. Hagenson: Under 20 AAC 25.300 you are required to provide information requested by the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (Commission). On January 28, 2009 the Commission requested verification of suspended, long-term shut-in and observation wells. To date you have provided no response to the Commission. This correspondence constitutes the Commission's final request for you to verify the wells as suspended, long-term shut-in or observation wells. If the requested information has not been received by the Commission by the close of business on December 1, 2009, you will be considered in violation of 20 AAC 25.300 and the Commission will take such action as it deems appropriate including, but not limited to, initiation of a public hearing, initiation of an enforcement action, and imposition of penalties as authorized under AS 31.05.150. If you have any questions regarding this request, please contact Winton Aubert at 907.793.1231 or winton.aubert@alaska.gov. Sincerely, a41/47 Cathy P. erster Commissioner Attachment cc: Tab Ballantine Department of Law SENDER: COMPLETE THIS SECTION COMPLETE THIS SECTION ON DELIVERY • Complete items 1,2,and 3.Also complete A. Signatu item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. `/ ---/ , , �1 � l -Agent X • Print your name and address on the reverse -L4 (-( `C""`� -1 0 Addressee so that we can return the card to you. B Received by(Printed Name) C. Date of Delivery • Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, {'Jr' C--e- villa or on the front if space permits. D. Is delivery address different from item 1? 0 Yes 1. Article Addressed to: If YES,enter delivery address below:-No - f�,/e / aye /7 O/ ,e:?C .I=xe c a h Ke .d,a6 , fl3 , 9/-711/e/',� ,L,y��/5 3. Brice Type AI/le / �1L q 9o� Lal-Certified Mail ❑ Express Mail ❑ Registered ,?ieturn Receipt for Merchandise 0 Insured Mail 0 C.O.D. 4. Restricted Delivery?(Extra Fee) 0 Yes 2. Article Numbrfrom 7005 1160 0001 5753 9158 (Transfer from service labs PS Form 3811,February 2004 Domestic Return Receipt 102595-02-M-1540 U.S. Postal Servicer- CERTIFIED MAIL„, RECEIPT f Ln (Domestic Mail Only;No Insurance Coverage Provided) Q' For delivery information visit our website at www.usps.com mOFFICIAL USE Ln M Postage $ 3 33 j.. 7,h *,,c,.1 a Certffied CD Fee PastrNcne O ORetum Receipt Fee Here (Endorsement Required) Mt Restricted Delivery Fee _13 (Endorsement Required) 1-1 Total Postage&Fees 0 Sent To /eve_ r_ 3itiiiicAlit:716:: or PO Bax No. 19-,E4-- Cit,State,ZIPr4 Instructions PS F or m1800 June 20 e` -_ a R i • • /'Y V) V an CC V Y• Y M M LY cc (r) co V (n I- F- (0 C) (+) { fn f ^ n rm* 4 . J G LL• L. L O w (0 VV �.,I't ° (N' 0 J J O+110 LL LL LL L (00 4 4.. 0) r- 0 di a) O) PC C> a 'a-75O Q ( N N 1E' r- 1 01 a a 110 R CO N i co QJ = � > Ln r0 U 0 • Q? ran '- N Q Z Z Fe Fe W O E CO co 43 J J w a a A o O a O O • s., O O a 1� cc• ;' o O .LT O O Pi O (.1 N N ad z Z o• 0 • R. C.+ Q ((0 (On C I:4 • W9 9i E d) o) t ®• A k k-1 0% - C> -Z %f� SEAN PARNELL, GOVERNOR i t ALASKA 011L. AND GAS CONSERQAUON COPO ISSION September 30, 2009 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7005 1160 0001 5753 9158 333 W. 7th AVENUE, SUITE 100 ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501-3539 PHONE (907) 279-1433 FAX (907) 276-7542 Steve HagensonN AEA Executive Director 813 W. Northern Lights Blvd. Anchorage, AK 99503 Re: Failure to Respond to Request for Information (20 AAC 25.300) Status of Oil and Gas Wells Dear Mr. Hagenson: Under 20 AAC 25.300 you are required to provide information requested by the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (Commission). On January 28, 2009 the Commission requested verification of suspended, long-term shut-in and observation wells. To date you have provided no response to the Commission. This correspondence constitutes the Commission's final request for you to verify the wells as suspended, long-term shut-in or observation wells. If the requested information has not been received by the Commission by the close of business on December 1, 2009, you will be considered in violation of 20 AAC 25.300 and the Commission will take such action as it deems appropriate including, but not limited to, initiation of a public hearing, initiation of an enforcement action, and imposition of penalties as authorized under AS 31.05.150. If you have any questions regarding this request, please contact Winton Aubert at 907.793.1231 or winton.aubert@alaska.aov. Sincerely, CatjPoeTster Commissioner Attachment cc: Tab Ballantine Department of Law ALASKA OIL AND GS CONSERVATION COMUSSION January 28, 2009 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7005 1820 0001 2499 6057 Steve Hagenson AEA Executive Director 813 W. Northern lights Anchorage AK 99503 SCANNED Re: Notice of Revised Suspended Wells Regulations and Request for Verification of Suspended and Shut -In Well Inf0rination Dear Mr. I-lagenson: SARAH PALIN, GOVERNOR 333 W 7th AVENUE SUITE 100 ANCHORAGE. ALASKA 99501-3539 PHONE (907) 279.1433 FAX (907)276-7542 Inclosed are the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission's revised regulations regarding suspended wells (i. e., 20 AAC 25.110). Also enclosed is a list of suspended and long-term shut-in wells operated by the Alaska Energy Authority or your predecessor, the Division of Energy and Power Development. For each list, please verify the information for each well and provide any corrections by April 1, 2009. Location inspections required under 20 AAC 25.110 should be coordinated with Jim Regg at 907-793-1236 or jim.regg@alaska.gov. If you have any questions regarding this notice, please contact Tom Maunder at 907-793- 1250 or tom.maunder@alaska.gov. Sincerely, 4Vx1W1'_ Cathy. . Foerster Commissioner Enclosures • 0 . U.S. Postal Service,-., 11 CERTIFIED MAIL., RECEIPT O (Domestic Mail Only;No Insurance Coverage Provided) For delivery information visit our website at www.usps.com itjRAGE L. USE ru Postage $ $0.59 Ir'+4 sP S Po •.,•••'-'%.,§).. ® Certified Fee $2.70p`` ® N p Return Receipt Fee 17ytk (Endorsement Required) $2.20 "I Restricted Delivery Fee -. �� l ru (Endorsement Required) $0.0Q `� ' .....___<,„..4!A, r▪R Total Postagr Steve HVgnso_01/28/2 .-7-' u7 _ 0 o SON To AEA Executive Director I~- SSreet,Apt.No 813 W. Northern Lights or PO Box NoAK 99503 coy,stere,vF -- PS Form 3800.June 2002 See'everse or is ru r.ns SENDER: COMPLETE THIS SECTION COMPLETE THIS SECTION ON DELIVERY ll Complete items 1,2,and 3.Also complete A. Signal ❑Addrt item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. l! El Addressee Print your name and address on the reverse A-14 114} so that we can return the card to you. B fqeived by Printed Name) C. Date of Delivery E. Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, / Gfl"���f f or on the front if space permits. __ D. Is delivery address different from item 1? 0 Yes 1. Article Addressed to: If YES,enter delivery-•dress below: 0 No h 4 Steve Hagenson o AEA Executive Director Yom 813 W. Northern Lights g - ice Type Anchorage AK 99503 la Certified Mail ❑ xpress Mail Q Registered Return Receipt for Merchandise 0 Insured Mail [�j C.O.D. 4. Restricted Delivery?(Extra Fee) 0 Yes 2. Article Number (Transfer from service lab 7005 1820 0001 2499 6057 PS Form 3811,February 2004 Domestic Return Receipt 102595-02-M-1540 • 0 • 09 o a Y f7 M w CC Cr) CO ✓ U) N H (D CO C.) N 6) P CO Wog $] J> 0 LL LL 0 (ID LO a: Lo NI 0 co 0 O N O J J ♦�p� as C444 Z COu_ LL 1� L LO V N 4T� V1 4..i O) O) O ODR ao r) r 0 G c N N -1+ v- CL a 1.0 0 L - CO V) Qi) U 0 0)as "CI C134 0 WI • N Z Z Fe WI 0 C E co o e J J W a a a o0 3 L 0 9 Q o o0et O O QI "J' '.. N N 04 z a in in t U c fg o o $ E CO o d i W^ L O A R 3 Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) T J1� From: Sara Fisher -Goad <SFisherGoad@aidea.org> Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 2:12 PM To: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Cc: Parady, Fred E (CED); Bittner, Jon S (CED)SNWEV UEC 10 2014 Subject: RE: Pilgrim Springs Thank you. Although we have no one on staff who was here during that time, it does appear with some of the documents we uncovered that it was a division in Department of Commerce and not a part of AEA or old APA. Fred — regardless of that issue, we can still help get this issue addressed. Sara From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) [mailto:patricia.bettis@alaska.gov] Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 2:01 PM To: Sara Fisher -Goad Cc: Parady, Fred E (CED); Jon Bittner Subject: Pilgrim Springs Sara, The AOGCC records show the Division of Energy & Power as the operator of record for Pilgrim Springs -1, Pilgrim Springs - 2, Pilgrim Springs -3, Pilgrim Springs -4, Pilgrim Springs -5 and Mary's Igloo -1 geothermal wells. Hence, AOGCC's September 12, 2014 Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter was sent to the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis(apalaska.gov. Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) _io From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 2:01 PM To: Fishergoad, Sara L (AIDEA) Cc: Parady, Fred E (CED); Bittner, Jon S (CED) Subject: Pilgrim Springs SCANNED OEC 10 2014 Sara, The AOGCC records show the Division of Energy & Power as the operator of record for Pilgrim Springs -1, Pilgrim Springs - 2, Pilgrim Springs -3, Pilgrim Springs -4, Pilgrim Springs -5 and Mary's Igloo -1 geothermal wells. Hence, AOGCC's September 12, 2014 Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter was sent to the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE. This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) From: Sara Fisher -Goad <SFisherGoad@aidea.org> Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 11:41 AM To: Parady, Fred E (CED) Cc: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA); Bittner, Jon S (CED) ;CANNED DEC 10 2014 Subject: RE: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells I have our geothermal project manager looking into this and we have a call into Gwen at UAF. The years associated with the drilling from "Division of Energy and Power" is probably old AEA nea APA (Alaska Power Authority). This is an interesting puzzle and I was not aware of this deadline or requirement prior to your email earlier today. It will take us at least a day to close the loop with UAF and come up with a plan, we are researching our library on old documentation. I agree with you, we need to apply for an extension. Patricia — do you know why this was not sent to AEA directly? Do the original documents from 1979 and 1982 mention Alaska Power Authority (I think the name change to AEA happened in 1990)? Sa ra PS — congratulations on the Acting Commissioner assignment. Sara Fisher -Goad Executive Director Alaska Energy Authority 907-771-3012 (Office) 907-301-0103 (Cell) From: Parady, Fred E (CED) [mailto:fred.parady@alaska.gov] Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 9:36 AM To: Sara Fisher -Goad Cc: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA); Jon Bittner Subject: FW: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Sara Attached is a copy of a letter we received regarding DCCED well closure obligations from the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal project from 1979-1982. The operator is listed as DCCED Division of Energy and Power. Did that migrate into AEA, and can you help me run this to ground? We need to come up with an abandonment plan or plan of suspension. We also likely need to apply for an extension. We are working against a 12/15/14 deadline. Thanks for your help. Fred From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 9:21 AM To: Parady, Fred E (CED) Cc: Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Good morning Acting Commissioner Parady, I checked the USPS certified return receipt (green card) and the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development received the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter dated September 12, 2014 on September 15, 2014. I attached the wellbore schematics for those wells operated by the Division of Energy & Power for which the AOGCC has a record. This includes Mary's Igloo -1, PS -3, PS -4 and PS -5. Please note that these are old wellbore schematics contained in a 1983 Woodward -Clyde Consultants report entitled "Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, Phase II: Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation" and may not reflect the current conditions of the wells. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to call or e-mail me. Regards, Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) /-�q — CLg From: Parady, Fred E (CED) Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 9:36 AM To: Fishergoad, Sara L (AIDEA) Cc: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA); Bittner, Jon S (CED) Subject: FW: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Attachments: MI-1.pdf; PS -3 Wellbore schematic.pdf; PS -4 Wellbore schematic.pdf; PS -5 Wellbore schematic.pdf; Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells.pdf SCANNED DEC 10 2014 Sara: Attached is a copy of a letter we received regarding DCCED well closure obligations from the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal project from 1979-1982. The operator is listed as DCCED Division of Energy and Power. Did that migrate into AEA, and can you help me run this to ground? We need to come up with an abandonment plan or plan of suspension. We also likely need to apply for an extension. We are working against a 12/15/14 deadline. Thanks for your help. Fred From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 9:21 AM To: Parady, Fred E (CED) Cc: Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Good morning Acting Commissioner Parady, I checked the USPS certified return receipt (green card) and the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development received the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter dated September 12, 2014 on September 15, 2014. I attached the wellbore schematics for those wells operated by the Division of Energy & Power for which the AOGCC has a record. This includes Mary's Igloo -1, PS -3, PS -4 and PS -5. Please note that these are old wellbore schematics contained in a 1983 Woodward -Clyde Consultants report entitled "Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, Phase II: Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation" and may not reflect the current conditions of the wells. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to call or e-mail me. Regards, Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. THE STATE °GALA S -KA (;OVERINOR SEAN PARNELL September 12, 2014 CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT RF.QUEs-n:i) 7012 3050 0001 4812 6808 (Unaatuq) 7012 3050 00014812 6815 (I)C.F13) 7012 3050 0001 4812 6822 (1JAF) Matt Ganley, Resources and External Affairs Unaatuq, LLC c/o Bering Straits Native Corporation P.O. Box 1008 AK '9762 Alaska Oil and Gras t .onsvrt dition Cointnk,,hin Ms. Susan K. Bell, Cnmmissioner Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development P.O. Box 110800 Juneau, AK 99811-0800 Gwen Holdmann, Director UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power P.O. Box 755910 Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910 Re: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Docket No: OTH-14-019 Dear Mr. Ganlev, Ms. Bell and Ms. Holdmann: 333 Wes! Seventl: A.4,nue: AncnoiogC, A100.0 99501 3572 •A�;r: 907 279.44� As operators or landowner of recc-,rd, you are advised that the ten geothermal wells drilled in the area of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska (see attached list) must either be plugged and abandoned in compliance with 20 AAC 25.105 and 20 AAC 25.112 or suspended under 20 AAC 25.110. Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation AOGCC regulations can be found at the following internet address: httpjj-doa_ala54�4v14�cjRegufa onSlRoehlSi html. A Sundry application form (Form 10-403) for the submittal of a plan of abandonment or a plan of suspension for a well to the AOGCC can be found at:tlttp//doa.alaska.gov/ogcZforms/forms.html. Please note that each application for Sundry Approval must include a well schematic diagram showing the well's current condition and a well schematic diagram showing proposed downhole well design changes to comply with applicable regulations for plug and abandonment or suspension. Milgrim Springs Geothermal Wells September 12, 2014 Page 2 of 2 If the AOGCC does not receive an acceptable plan and schedule for all ten wells within ninety (90) days of receipt of this letter, the AOGCC will notice a public hearing to determine whether remedial action is necessary with regard to the wells and which entity will bear responsibility for compliance. The applicable University of Alaska, Fairbanks Alaska Center for Energy & Power's (UAF) lease will be expiring soon relative to the PS# 12-1, 1'S 12-2, PS 12-3 and PS 13-1 wells. Under 20 AAC 25.105, all permitted wells on a property must be properly abandoned before expiration of the operator's rights. Upon expiration of the lease, if these wells are not plugged and abandoned to the satisfaction of the AOGCC, UAF's bond will be forfeited. Forfeiture of the bond will not relieve UAF of responsibility for plugging and abandoning of the wells under AS 31.05. If Unaatuq, LLC desires to take over operatorship of these four wells, a Designation of Operator Form (Form 10-411) must be submitted to and approved by the AOGCC, as provided under 20 AAC 25.020 in addition to filing the bond required by 20 AAC 25.025. Please call Ms. Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 if you have question concerning this matter. Sincerely, P Cathy P Foerster Chair, Commissioner Attachment cc, Kit Duke, Associate Vice President University of Alaska Facilities and Land Management 1815 Bragaw St., Ste. 101 Anchorage, AK 99508 Larry Hartig, Commissioner Department of Environmental Conservation P.O. Box 111800 Juneau, AK 99811-1800 PILGRIM SPRINGS GEOTHERMAL WELLS *SOA, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Attachment 1 DATE TOTAL DEPTHSTATUS WELL NAME PTD No. OPERATOR OF RECORD Location DRILLED (feet) Pilgrim Springs -1 179-078 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 1979 i50 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -2 1/9-085 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1979 ISO Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -3 179 090 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1982 260 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -4 100-274 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, TSS, R31W, KRM 1982 88", Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -5 100-275 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T55, R31W, KRM 1982 100". Shut-in Mary's Igloo -1 100-276 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, TSS, R31W, KRM 1982 307 Shut-in PS 12-1 212-077 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2012 1000 Suspended PS 12-2 212-109 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, TQS, R31W, KRM 2012 1294 Suspended PS 12-3 212-126 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2012 1 181 Suspended PS 13-1 213-102 UAF Alaska Center for E nergy & Power 36, T4S, R31 W, KRM 2013 1036 Suspended *SOA, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Attachment 1 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves G. L. 17 ft ft Cement — 58 ft 167.5 ft _ T.D. drilled 260 ft -:>.— 10 -inch blind flange --{ 410 -inch master gate valve ,6% �. • ! I r 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole 10 -inch casing in 14-% inch hole -=:I-- 6 -inch casing in 9-719 inch hole 3- X 5 -inch concentric reducer welded on 3 -inch pipe overlap 12 ft -<* —3 -inch slotted casing Total length 105 ft Project No. Pilgrim Springs 15267A CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -3 Figure Woodward -C4 -de Consuttartts 6 0 10 -inch master valve 2 -inch outlets with valves G. L. 19 ft �i •e •o ej 86.5 ft Go •e Cement '• Op 187.4 ft 5 ft drill pipe, 3 drill collars, 7-7/8 in, stabilizer, sub float & bit for total length of 70.2 ft of steel left in hole TD drilled 881 ft .�.—_. 10 -inch blind flange with 1 -inch nipple for flow 19 ft: 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch hole 86.52 ft: 10 -inch casing in 14-% inch hole r re .e •e a •' 187.42 ft:8-inch casing c in 9-7l8 inch hole e ca ee Open hole 9N inch to 520 ft; 7-7/8 inch below Lost drill stem in open hole Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -4 Figure 7 Woodward -Clyde Cormu tm is 981 ft T.D. drilled 1001 ft • 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves - 2 each 4 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole oe 10 -inch blind flange —ice r 10 -inch master gate valve 14-% inch hole ea l ° G. L. O a; 11 ft f, OB�,d Dp�� 42 ft Cement as o 178 ft VC, 588 ft 0°,0 981 ft T.D. drilled 1001 ft • 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves - 2 each 4 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole oe 01 q 10 -inch casing in 66 14-% inch hole ea l ° O a; f, OB�,d Dp�� 8 -inch casing in 14.3/. inch hole as o VC, 0°,0 Q .a °' •' Overlap 10 ft e ee 6- X 7 -inch concentric reducer d 6 -inch casing in 7.7,b inch hole ly 20 ft cement at bottom of 6 -inch casing. 3- X 5 -inch concentric reducer '--" 441 ft: 3 -inch slotted casing Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs Figure CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -5 8 Woodward-Oyde Consukantst 10 -inch blind flange 2 -inch valves 10 -inch master gate valve G.L. °•::i 20 ft: 16 -inch in Pat :•?'o• 20 -inch hole •4 20 ft Or oe°• Ni, i � O.0 1.• �'•0 •.lad •iqir O+'OI O.i rp in 14% inch hole 80 ft ;•� Cement 151 ft !, 232 ft 1. T.D. 307 ft i 2 -inch side ports with —c*— 6 -inch in 14-% inch hole .rte' / .•% .- 3 -inch slotted casing 84 ft Project No. 15267A I Pilgrim SpringsFigure CASING PROFILE OF WELL MI -1 Wbodward-CWe Consultants 9 2 -inch valves :� °•::i 20 ft: 16 -inch in :•?'o• 20 -inch hole •.lad •iqir 8 -inch in 14% inch hole —c*— 6 -inch in 14-% inch hole .rte' / .•% .- 3 -inch slotted casing 84 ft Project No. 15267A I Pilgrim SpringsFigure CASING PROFILE OF WELL MI -1 Wbodward-CWe Consultants 9 Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) - �� From: Bettis, Patricia K (DOA) Sent: Wednesday, December 03, 2014 9:21 AM To: Parady, Fred E (CED) SCANNED DEC 10 2014 Cc: Schwartz, Guy L (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Attachments: MI-1.pdf; PS -3 Wellbore schematic.pdf; PS -4 Wellbore schematic.pdf; PS -5 Wellbore schematic.pdf Good morning Acting Commissioner Parady, I checked the USPS certified return receipt (green card) and the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development received the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells letter dated September 12, 2014 on September 15, 2014. I attached the wellbore schematics for those wells operated by the Division of Energy & Power for which the AOGCC has a record. This includes Mary's Igloo -1, PS -3, PS -4 and PS -5. Please note that these are old wellbore schematics contained in a 1983 Woodward -Clyde Consultants report entitled "Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, Phase II: Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation" and may not reflect the current conditions of the wells. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to call or e-mail me. Regards, Patricia Patricia Bettis Senior Petroleum Geologist Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 West 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Tel: (907) 793-1238 CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE: This e-mail message, including any attachments, contains information from the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (AOGCC), State of Alaska and is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s). It may contain confidential and/or privileged information. The unauthorized review, use or disclosure of such information may violate state or federal law. If you are an unintended recipient of this e-mail, please delete it, without first saving or forwarding it, and, so that the AOGCC is aware of the mistake in sending it to you, contact Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 or patricia.bettis@alaska.gov. 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves G. L. 17 ft f t Cement —_ 58 ft — 167.5 ft _ T.D. drilled 260 ft • 10 -inch blind flange -•0--10-inch master gate valve Cho ,.. o• o� • �a �e 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole 10 -inch casing in 14A inch hole -<!a— 6 -inch casing in 9-7/e inch hole 3- X 5 -inch concentric reducer welded on 3 -inch pipe overlap 12 ft 3 -inch slotted casing Total length 105 ft Project No. Pilgrim Springs - 15267A CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -3 Figure Woodward-CWe Consultants 6 i s • 10 -inch master valve_ 2 -inch outlets with valves G. L. 19 ft 4� G� � r0 86.5 ft G• Cement �• �o 187.4 ft 5 ft drill pipe, 3 drill collars, 7-7/8 in, stabilizer, sub float & bit for total length of 70.2 ft of steel left in hole TD drilled 881 ft ..�, 10 -inch blind flange with 1 -inch nipple for flow �C}--- 19 ft: 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch hole srr orr Ouo 86.52 ft: 10 -inch casing c ` in 14-% inch hole 187,42 ft:8-inch casing / in 9.7/e inch hole a Open hole 97/8 inch to 520 ft; 7.7/e inch below Lost drill stem in open hole 'roject No. 15267A I Pilgrim Springs CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -4 Figure Woodward -Clyde ConsWtants 7 10 -inch blind flange=---�1- 10 -inch master gate valve G. L. 11 ft 42 ft Cement 178 ft 588 ft 981 ft T.D. drilled 1001 ft • 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves - 2 each 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole S� og -.c,3 10 -inch casing in d, 14-% inch hole Cea oc b .a ore• 84nch casing in 14-1Y. inch hole 60 0 Uv Oo• ON p .• Overlap 10 ft e �n 6- X 7 -Inch concentric • �' reducer c3 6 -inch casing in 7.7A$ inch hole l•� 20 ft cement at bottom of 6 -inch casing. 3- X 5 -inch concentric reducer 441 ft: 3 -inch slotted casing Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs Figure CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -5 Woodyard-C"e Consuftants 8 10 -inch blind flange 10 -inch master gate valve G. L. Ov.e •0• 20 ft oa.• •A. .".•�, 1 �.� 80 ft Cement 151 ft 232 ft T.D. 307 ft I I l 1 �..} 6 -inch in 14--/. inch hole 1111 I 1 I 1 3 -inch slotted casing 84 ft Project No. 15267A Pilgrim SpringsFigure CASING PROFILE OF WELL MI -1 Wooch and Qyde Consu tants 9 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves 20 ft- 16 -inch in ;'4, : �;e•' 20 -inch hole D _' ce t �J;• r 8 -inch in 14% inch hole I I l 1 �..} 6 -inch in 14--/. inch hole 1111 I 1 I 1 3 -inch slotted casing 84 ft Project No. 15267A Pilgrim SpringsFigure CASING PROFILE OF WELL MI -1 Wooch and Qyde Consu tants 9 THE STATE of GOVERNOR SEAN PARNELL September 12, 2014 CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7012 3050 00014812 6808 (Unaatuq) 7012 3050 00014812 6815 (DCED) 7012 3050 00014812 6822 (UAF) Matt Ganley, Resources and External Affairs Unaatuq, LLC c/o Bering Straits Native Corporation P.O. Box 1008 Nome, AK 99762 Ms. Susan K. Bell, Commissioner Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development P.O. Box 110800 Juneau, AK 99811-0800 Gwen Holdmann, Director UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power P.O. Box 755910 Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910 Re: Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells Docket No: OTH-14-019 Dear Mr. Ganley, Ms. Bell and Ms. Holdmann: \-T`%o T� �� ` ti ;.i aoka 01`111 and, (3K -6s 11 1` 1 333 West Seventh Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3572 Main: 907.279.1433 Fax: 907.276.7542 SCANNED 0 C i 1 3 2 014, As operators or landowner of record, you are advised that the ten geothermal wells drilled in the area of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska (see attached list) must either be plugged and abandoned in compliance with 20 AAC 25.105 and 20 AAC 25.112 or suspended under 20 AAC 25.110. Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation AOGCC regulations can be found at the following internet address: htt_p://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/Regulations�Reglndex.html. A Sundry application form (Form 10-403) for the submittal of a plan of abandonment or a plan of suspension for a well to the AOGCC can be found at: http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/forms/forms.html. Please note that each application for Sundry Approval must include a well schematic diagram showing the well's current condition and a well schematic diagram showing proposed downhole well design changes to comply with applicable regulations for plug and abandonment or suspension. Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells September 12, 2014 Page 2 of 2 If the AOGCC does not receive an acceptable plan and schedule for all ten wells within ninety (90) days of receipt of this letter, the AOGCC will notice a public hearing to determine whether remedial action is necessary with regard to the wells and which entity will bear responsibility for compliance. The applicable University of Alaska, Fairbanks Alaska Center for Energy & Power's (UAF) lease will be expiring soon relative to the PS# 12-1, PS 12-2, PS 12-3 and PS 13-1 wells. Under 20 AAC 25.105, all permitted wells on a property must be properly abandoned before expiration of the operator's rights. Upon expiration of the lease, if these wells are not plugged and abandoned to the satisfaction of the AOGCC, UAF's bond will be forfeited. Forfeiture of the bond will not relieve UAF of responsibility for plugging and abandoning of the wells under AS 31.05. If Unaatuq, LLC desires to take over operatorship of these four wells, a Designation of Operator Form (Form 10-411) must be submitted to and approved by the AOGCC, as provided under 20 AAC 25.020 in addition to filing the bond required by 20 AAC 25.025. Please call Ms. Patricia Bettis at (907) 793-1238 if you have question concerning this matter. Sincerely, P Cathy P Foerster Chair, Commissioner Attachment cc: Kit Duke, Associate Vice President University of Alaska Facilities and Land Management 1815 Bragaw St., Ste. 101 Anchorage, AK 99508 Larry Hartig, Commissioner Department of Environmental Conservation P.O. Box 111800 Juneau, AK 99811-1800 PILGRIM SPRINGS GEOTHERMAL WELLS *SOA, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Attachment 1 DATE TOTAL DEPTH WELL NAME PTD No. OPERATOR OF RECORD Location STATUS DRILLED (feet) Pilgrim Springs -1 179-078 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 1979 150 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -2 179-085 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1979 150 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -3 179-090 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1982 260 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -4 100-274 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1982 881 Shut-in Pilgrim Springs -5 100-275 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1982 1001 Shut-in Mary's Igloo -1 100-276 SOA, Division of Energy & Power* 03, T5S, R31W, KRM 1982 307 Shut-in PS 12-1 212-077 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2012 1000 Suspended PS 12-2 212-109 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2012 1294 Suspended PS 12-3 212-126 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2012 1183 Suspended PS 13-1 213-102 UAF Alaska Center for Energy & Power 36, T4S, R31W, KRM 2013 1036 Suspended *SOA, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Attachment 1 Page 1 of 1 17g o7~ +~ Aubert, Winton G (DOA) From: Gwen Holdmann [gwen.holdmann@alaska.edul Sent: Thursday, August 19, 2010 10:50 PM To: Aubert, Winton G (DOA) Subject: Pilgrim Hot Springs Winton, I would like to confirm that the work conducted through the Alaska Center for Energy and Power (University of Alaska Fairbanks) at Pilgrim Hot Springs is purely intended for research purposes. The purpose of our project, funded primarily through the Department of Energy, is to test the validity of an innovative geothermal exploration technique which involves an advanced airborne infrared survey. To verify this technique we will conduct ground truthing using more traditional geophysical and geologic techniques, as well as collection of new data from six existing wells which will all be used to develop a conceptual model of the site. Eventually, we plan to confirm this model through the drilling of two SOOft gradient holes and two 2500ft confirmation holes to identify the recharge point for the hot springs and measure total heat loss to the surface to correlate to our airborne infrared data. Please let me know if you need any additional information, I am happy to provide it. Gwen Gwen Holdmann, Director Alaska Center for Energy and Power University of Alaska Physical Address: 814 Alumni Drive Mailing Address: PO Box 755910 Fairbanks AK 99775-5910 CeIL(907) 590-4577 www.uaf.edu/acep www.ener~y-alaska.com www. akener~ynetwork. com r _ 8/23/2010 Memorandum State of Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission To: Well History Files 1790780, 1790850, 1790900, August 4, 2010 1002740, 1002750, 1002760 "~' ' ~~ Re: Pilgrim Spring Geothermal Drilling and Testing Program -Notes and Coordinates for Wells .~. From: Steve Davies ~ ~~~~ ~~, ~~Uta ~ ~~ ~~.~~~ A total of six exploratory geothermal wells have been drilled at Pilgrim Springs, located about 60 miles north of Nome, Alaska. This area is governed by Conservation Order No. 159, issued September 12, 1979, which requires a permit to drill from the Commission for "all wells to be drilled or borings into the soil for any purpose and to any depth in Sections 29, 30, 31, and 32, T4S, R30W, KRM, Sections 35 and 36, T4S, R31 W, KRM, and Sections 2,3,and 4, TSS, R31 W, KRM..." Three of these wells, Pilgrim Spring 1, 2, and 3 received permits to drill during 1979 (Permit Nos. 1790780, 1790850, and 1790900). Commission well history files indicate that Pilgrim Spring 1 and 2 were drilled to approximately 150' measured depth and suspended on November 25 and 20, 1979, respectively. There are no records in the Commission's well history file 1790900 to indicate that Pilgrim Spring 3 was drilled. During the summer and fall of 1982, Woodward-Clyde Consultants (Woodward-Clyde), under contract to the Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development, conducted an intensive drilling and testing program at Pilgrim Springs.l The initial well drilled was Pilgrim Spring 3, which had been previously permitted by the Commission. This was followed by the drilling of three additional, unpermitted wells: Pilgrim Spring 4, Mary's Igloo 1, and Pilgrim Spring 5. The results of this program are summarized in Woodward-Clyde's 1983 report, a copy of which has been placed in well history file 1002740. In 2010, Peter Illig of the Alaska Center for Energy and Power at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks conducted a reconnaissance trip to the site to Pilgrim Springs to locate and determine the status of the existing geothermal wells.2 Descriptions and photos of each wellhead indicate that all six wells are shut- in rather than suspended, as indicated by artesian flow and mineralization. The exact location coordinates for these wells are problematic. Coordinates for Pilgrim Spring 1, 2, and 3 listed as footages from section lines on the permits to drill were converted to latitude/longitude using the Commission's RBDMS database. These coordinates are shown on the accompanying satellite photograph by small yellow squares (Figure 1). Latitude/longitude coordinates stored in the RBDMS 1 Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1983, Phase IL Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation, Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, Contract 82-0782 with the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, 62 p. z Illig, Peter, 2010, 6-29-2010 Preliminary Reconnaissance Trip Report, Pilgrim Hot Springs Geothermal Exploration, Alaska Center for Energy and Power. i • Coordinates provided by Illig in UTM, meters, when converted to NAD 83 lattude/longitude using CorpsCon 6.0, plot at the locations indicated by yellow stars on Figure 1. Well locations spotted by Illig on an air photo that accompanies his 2010 reconnaissance trip report are more difficult to translate to the satellite photo. It appears as though Illig's photo is rotated about 20 degree clockwise from north and is also Beverly stretched along its north-south axis. A prolonged trial and error session was needed to squeeze and rotate this air photo to approximate a close match of the streams and lakes to the satellite photo. But the match is not perfect: lakes and stream meander loops do not match closely between the photos. The well locations from the best-match fit between the air and satellite photos are indicated by the red circles on Figure L Accompanying Woodward-Clyde's 1983 report on the results of drilling and testing is a site map that, when uniformly scaled, matches the satellite photo almost exactly. The locations for the Pilgrim Spring and Mary's Igloo wells are indicated on Figure 1 by small, blue circles. When uniformly scaled, the USGS topographic map of this area also nearly perfectly matches the satellite photo and Woodward- Clyde's map. This topographic map is the source for the yellow section lines depicted on Figure 1. Because of the nearly exact match between the map accompanying Woodward-Clyde's 1983 report, the USGS topographic map and the satellite photo, and because Woodward-Clyde field personnel spent weeks in the field (rather than the single day spent by Illig), it is judged that the most accurate locations for the Pilgrim Spring and Mary's Igloo wells are those mapped by Woodward-Clyde. Based on these locations and the section lines derived from the USGS topographic map overly, the best estimates for the well locations are presented in the table, below. Footages measured from section lines converted to latitude/longitude using RBDMS: RBDMS (NAD 27 Well X Y S-T-R-PM Latitude Lon itude Pilgrim Spring 1 825' FEL 110' FSL 36-04S-31W-K 65.0917760142764 -164.925283825097 Pilgrim Spring 2 2565' FEL 55' FNL 03-OSS-3IW-K 65.0913250627542 -164.926042200407 Pilgrim Spring 3 2770' FEL 220' FNL 03-OSS-3IW-K 65.0908741108309 -164.927370965319 Pilgrim Spring 4 2580' FEL 270' FNL 03-OSS-3IW-K 65.0907374577024 -164.926138003074 Pilgrim Spring 5 2595' FEL 790' FNL 03-OSS-3IW-K 65.0893162733042 -164.926231665414 Mary's Igloo 1 3295' FEL 220' FNL 03-OSS-3IW-K 65.0908741129814 -164.930776865159 RBDMS latitude/longitude values converted to NAD 83 using CorpsCon 6: RBDMS (NAD 27 NAD 83 Well Latitude Lon itude Latitude Lon itude Pilgrim Spring 1 65.0917760142764 -164.925283825097 65.091028837 -164.927929670 Pilgrim Spring 2 65.0913250627542 -164.926042200407 65.090577861 -164.928687996 Pilgrim Spring 3 65.0908741108309 -164.927370965319 65.090126874 -164.930016710 Pil rim S rin 4 65.0907374577024 -164.926138003074 65.089990242 -164.928783737 Pilgrim Spring 5 65.0893162733042 -164.926231665414 65.088569025 -164.928877249 Ma 's I loo 1 65.0908741129814 -164.930776865159 65.090126809 -164.933422601 Plotting the results on the same photo (as close as I could reproduce it), yields the following plot of the accuracy of the coordinate measurements and conversions. The accuracy of measured footages from the section lines appears to be within about 150'. The footages measured from the satellite photo will be used in RBDMS as the best estimate of irl~and bounds coordinates for these wells. ~~~. Pilgrim Hot Springs sale approvedystay denied • Page 1 of 1 Alaska Beat .~~,~ Pilgrim Hot Springs sale approved, stay denied `,~~ _ ~ ~ Scott Woodham According to the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, the sale of Pilgrim Hot Springs will go through unobstructed after a decision to deny a stay requested by two people who had been acting as caretakers of the property. This means that Unaatuq LLC, a consortium of Alaska Native corporations, other entities and nonprofit groups will be able to take title of the 320-acre property for its successful $1.9 million bid at an auction held in U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Courtin early March. The auction generated funds to pay a settlement between the Fairbanks Catholic Diocese and the victims of sexual predators it employed as priests. Read more about the newest development here, and read more about Pilgrim Hot Springs and the back-and-forth between parties interested in acquiring it at auction, here, from an earlier News-Miner report. „ ~y;`~ http://www. alaskadispatch. com/dispatches/alaska-beat/8 8-alaska-beat/4413 -pilgrim-hot-spri... 7/3/2010 Pilgrim Hot Springs sale goes thro~h ~ Page 1 of 1 print Pilgrim Hot Springs sale goes through b}, l~~u~-~W~ ~etll ~,~~et?c / 1~~;:rne~F~-~~~-ae>>asn;ine~ ~;orz, FAIRBANKS -The Pilgrim Hot Springs sale to Unaatuq LLC, a consortium of Alaska Native and nonprofit entities from the Bering Straits region, is being carried out without obstruction. The 320-acre parcel was auctioned off March 5 for $1.9 million in U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Court as one of the final conditions fulfilling the Fairbanks Catholic Diocese's Chapter 11 reorganization plan. Within an hour of the auction last week, a U.S. District Court judge in Anchorage issued a temporary stay order of the sale at the request of legal representatives for Louie and Nancy Green, of Nome, who have been seasonal caretakers for a former hot springs lessor since 1975. The Greens, who were asking for title to the property, were previously unsuccessful in getting the sale stopped. Before the diocese could file a response to the stay Tuesday, the District Court judge vacated the order and denied the Greens the stay they requested, said Kasey Nye, a Tucson attorney representing the diocese. "We're lodging an order approving the sale to Unaataq," Nye said. The diocese recently provided a $9.8 million financial settlement to be divided among almost 300 abuse victims. Fifty thousand dollars of the hot springs sale will be added to the victims settlement amount and $1.85 million will go to cover the diocese's remaining administrative and legal fees. Contact staff writer Mary Beth Smetzer at 459-7546. © newsminer.com 2010 http://newsminer.com/printer friendly/6679885 7/3/2010 Fairbanks Catholic Diocese sells P~grim Hot Springs as part of bankruptcy~an Page 1 of 2 print Fairbanks Catholic Diocese sells Pilgrim Hot Springs as part of bankruptcy plan by ~~a~~y Eeth S7~aetze~~ / ;~sT~ctzcr c~,ne~~s7ni~~~er.ccn~ 03.06.1 ~} - 03:20 a7n FAIRBANKS - Unaatuq LLC, a consortium of Alaska Native and nonprofit entities from the Bering Straits region was the successful bidder at $1.9 million for Pilgrim Hot Springs at an auction Friday in U.S. Federal Bankruptcy Court in Anchorage. The sale of the 320-acre property, owned by the Fairbanks Catholic Diocese, was one of the diocese's final requirements to fulfill its court-approved Chapter 11 reorganization plan. The diocese filed for bankruptcy two years ago after being overwhelmed with nearly 300 civil lawsuits claiming sexual abuse. A financial settlement providing $9.8 million in compensation to be divided among abuse victims was reached earlier this year. All but $50,000 of the $ L9 million hot springs price tag will go to cover the remaining legal and administrative fees owed by the diocese. The remaining $50,000 will be added to the victims settlement fund. Chena Power Group also offered a bid of $1.9 million, which was not accepted because it failed to comply with all of the financial bidding terms to close the sale. Bernie Karl, representing Chena Power Group, asked the judge fora 90-day stay, saying it would be in the best interest of the church. "We developed the only hot springs in the state. We would do that well and for the church. I promise you, I would give you a better bid than you have today and be it would be better for everyone involved." Judge Donald MacDonald turned down the 90-day stay request, saying it has taken years to get to this point, and approved the Unaatuq consortium's bid. Unaataq is an Inupiaq word meaning hot springs. The consortium is made up of the Bering Straits Native Corporation; Sitnasuak Native Corporation; Kawerak, Inc.; Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation; White Mountain Native Corporation; Teller Native Corporation; and Mary's Igloo Native Corporation. Pilgrim Hot Springs, 38 miles north of Nome, is located in a large area of lands owned by the Bering Straits and Mary's Igloo Native corporations. According to a Bering Straits press release, the hot springs has been visited for centuries for its curative and spiritual powers, and has "tremendous cultural and historical significance for the residents of the region, and many families trace http://newsminer.com/printer friendly/6590766 7/3/2010 Fairbanks Catholic Diocese sells Pjlgrim Hot Springs as part of bankruptcy~an Page 2 of 2 their ancestry to relatives who were raised at the Catholic orphanage." The orphanage was closed in the early 1940s. Bering Straits CEO Gail Schubert said, "It has great potential as a place of cultural renewal and healing, and agricultural and geothermal development." After Friday's court session, attorneys were surprised to learn that a temporary stay for closing the sale of the hot springs that had been denied Thursday in the Superior Court in Nome was accepted at U.S. District Court in Anchorage after the bankruptcy court auction Friday. Louie and Nancy Green of Nome, who have seasonally worked at the hot springs as caretakers for a former lessor since 1975, are seeking a quiet title for the property. Kasey Nye, a Tucson attorney representing the diocese, said the diocese will have until Tuesday to file a response. "I fully expect that once we file a response the stay will be lifted and the sale will go forward to the consortium," Nye said. © newsminer.com 2010 http://newsminer.com/printer friendly/6590766 7/3/2010 The Nome Nugget -Alaska's Olde~ ewspaper credit. Page 3 of 4 • $100,000 to $200,000 receive a 100 percent tax credit while lesser donations receive a 50 The gifts have kept the militarysryled program alive a e headed for the chopping block at the start of this school year. The program has teet e edge of existence er of years as the district first pulled JROTC out of it r t e 2008-2009 school _contnuedon page_4_`. PoF _. __ __._ ___..W ~ ..._ w. __.__~ ~ . ~_ Pilgrim to go to the highest bidder By Diana Haecker In the continued bankruptcy proceedings of the Catholic diocese of Fairbanks the end is in sight as the diocese and the claimants filed a joint consensual bankruptcy plan at the federal bankruptcy court in Anchorage on Monday, Dec. 14. The diocese -the business side of the church is known as the Catholic Bishop of Northern Alaska or CBNA - has filed for bankruptcy protection when confronted with hundreds of claims of sexual abuse at the hands of priests and lay workers decades ago. On Monday, CBNA's chancellor Robert Hannon, director of finances George Bowder and business administrator Tom Buzek told The Nome Nugget that the claimants have agreed to a third amended bankruptcy plan which includes an agreed upon minimal payment of $9.8 million to the close to 300 victims of sexual abuse at the hands of former priests, including KNOM founder and former Nome priest Jim Poole. Part of the settlement money is to come from the sale of Pilgrim Hot Springs to the highest bidder. The cemetery is excluded from the property and will not be sold. Hannon said that the estimated price for the 320-acre property is somewhere in the neighborhood of $1.8 million on the low end. The deadline to submit a bid has been extended from Dec. 10 to Feb. 24, 2010 at 5 p.m. The sealed bids will then be opened in the bankruptcy court in Anchorage. The court will then decide if the con-ect financial information is included in the bid, and if equal amounts are bid, the court will then decided if there will be an oral auction. Hannon said whoever wins the bid on Feb. 25 has to transfer the cash of the sale within 30 days to the settlement trust account administered by acourt-appointed official. A recent U.S. Department of contiilued,on_page fi._'~ PoF throws $100,000 into the pool By Laurie c olas The Nome Common cil voted unanimously to allocate the City's 2009 community benefit 100,000 from Norton Sound Economy velopment Corp. for repair of the Nome-Beltz High Sc imming pool at a meeting on Monday. During a public hearing prior to the decision, Mitc sori asked part of the community benefit share funds be used to add lighting at the skating rink for the safety o players and others, and to plsant grass at ball. fields at the Nome Recreation Center to reduce dust. "~ However, council members cited a wri recoimnendation from Acting Project er Randy Romenesko to use the $100,000 to complete re ement of old pumps, valves, controls, fans and piping ' e heating system, both air and water, at the .Last year the council allocated the 2008 community benefit share 00,000 from NSEDC to the sw' ing pool project, which originally was estimated to cost $155,000. Romenesko sai additional components had been added at the school's request - $6,000 to replace all valves in the pool heat' ystem and $30,000 for a new motor and VFD for the main air handling unit -bringing the total project st close to $200,000. continued on _hage__l_6 ~; PoF http://www.nomenugget.net/20091217/index.php 1 /25/2010 back to home naec 6 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2009 I.OCAI.t THE NOME NUGGET Planners to call in the expert Contniissiort tackles full slate as Irene Anderson retires Br Sandra L. Medearis The Nome Planning Commission has a table loaded with planning issues and has staffed to roll op sleeves to get busy in 2010. lssoes needing attention include updating the cmnprehensive plan, deciding on a process for permitting land use changes under the re- cently adopted zoning ordinance, honoring and identifying historic buildings, and the transfer of the Nome Bypass Road to City of Nome. Nome's planning pnnel met Dec_ 8 in a work session to discuss these work orders and fol- lowed with a brief regular commission meeting. The Bypass Road is o(f the slate as a pend- ing punch-list of work orders has been ann- p7eted.The city has already taken responsibi]ity for that rcute north of sown that runs from Front Sneer to the Nome-Teller Highway. The conmission voiced strong suppartfor Once more retaining the expert services otcon- trac[ planner Eileen Bechtol of Bechtol Plan- ning and Development in Horner for work nn zoning and historic building issues. Bechtol worked with the planuing commission in cre- ating the zoning package and Mher compre- hensive and coastal lands issues. Planners also discussed a mlution to the ap- parent practice of some people picking up ham- mer and saw and geeing a pr~iect underway before buying a building permit. Same members • ~v- --- tuminued from p~qe 1 Agricnlturc grant administrated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks to Jocate the geothermal source has elevated iht property's value, Han- non said. Church off cials hope for many bidders to participate in the sale and get the word out via ads, contacts in the geothermal energy development community and other business contacts. Buzek said there has been n great deal of interest in Pilgrim Hut Springs, both in and outside of Alaska. While outside rompanies may see Pilgrim as a business oppm~- [unlry-, it harbors memories and enxr- lional conneckions to Nomcites. hr meetings with Nome residents. Tom Bozek said, everybody expressed the wish to keep Pilgrim Hut Spring open Cor public use. "That will be difficult [a add as a stipulation to the sale," Bnzek said. "TI is going to be up to the new owner how accessible the hM springs will be." CBNA is w release details on timeline, location and inquired infor- mation for the sealed lidding process within [he next week. Hannon said Ihai the parties are still working out last details, anU if [he court accepts the consensual joint bankruptcy plan, money has to he in the settlement account in the last week of January and first payments may he owl as early as the beginning of Februaq° 2070. VALUABLE PROPERTY-The property surrounding Pilgrim Hot Springs could soon 1>e nut of the Catholic Church's hands. C E; 0 e THE "TOP TEN" WAYS TO AVOID THE EMERGENCY ROOM DURING THIS HOLIDAY SEASON #10 #9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 - ~v'i.~Ires for a Healthy aril HitcppJ HoldiiJ Seu~sin~, from the JO/YIE T~'OLlh~I-TEER .~ IYIB UL.~.NCE DEP.fIRT.AIE.NT Vickie Erickson, Chief (EMT-II) John Handeland (CPR/First Aid) Daniel Stang (ETT) Dr. Karen O'Neill, Medical Director Josh Hearn (MICP) Danielle Sylvester (EMT-I) Kevin Knowlton, Lieutenant (EMT-II/FF1) Geoff Hubert (CPR/First Aid) Craig Teesateskie (CPR/First Aid) Tom Vaden, Secretaryrlreasurer (EMT-III) Scott Johnson (EMT-II) Bill Tweet (EMT•1) Charlene Sactamana, Training Officer (EMT-Ii) Bertha Koweluk (EMT-I) Darell Tweet (EMT-I) Rahnia Parker, Officer-At-Large (EMT-I) Todd Langley (MICP) Elsie Vaden (EMT-1) Alaine Tate, Administrator (CPR/First Aid) Charlie Lean (EMT-I) Jim West, Jr. (EMT-I/FFi ) Seijiro Heck, Technician (EMT-I) Leah Noyakuk (ETT) Heather Williams (EMT-II) Melissa O'Farrell (MICP) James A loin a CPR/First Aid 9 9 t ) Mike Owens (MICP) Graham Becherer-Bailey (MICP) Wes Perkins (EMTdI, FF7) Hunter Michelbrink (Honorary Member Jay Craft (EMT-II) Loren Prosser (EMT-I) Clyde lyatunguk (Honorary Member) Ben Froehle (CPR/First Aid) Lisa Schubert (EMT-I) Lillian Komakhuk (In Memoriam) Don't go `through the river and over the woods". (Be careful of ice and overflow when traveling by snowmachine and four-wheeler.) Don't "roast chestnuts on an open fire". (Be careful not to overload electrical outlets or leave wood stoves unattended.) Be careful "rocking around the Christmas tree". (Celebrate sanely and wisely.) Respect the "silent night". (Drive cautiously in the dark.) Beware of the "the new fallen snow". (Shovel snow slowly, stop periodically to rest.) ~ Use caution "up on the house top". !~ (Be careful hanging lights outside the house.) Watch for "Frosty the Snowman". (Dress appropriately for the weather.) ' " Yield to sleighs. ' (Obey the rules of the road when walking or driving.) Don't partake in "sugar plums". (No street drugs.) The Christmas spirit is NOT what you drink; of the commission advocated adding a penalry umoum io tardy buildingpemtits.Overall, mem- bers thought this suggestion could go to the eiry and the issue would properly become an NCCI-Nome Cotnmon Council Issue. Through Nov. 30, the eiry has collected about $200,0(10 for permits fora $55 million valuahan in build- ing and remodeling projects started m 2009. in other business, the commission granted to Alaska Gold atwo-year extension Cor Phase 2 at the Nome 2] sl Ceotmy Subdivision. The Cor fission approved Phase 1 and Phase 2 in Ocn>ber 2007; the Phase 2 approval was about io expire. The request for a time extension stems from °mranticipated cash flow restric- fions attendanrwith the Fock Creek M3ne,° ac- cm~ding to a note to the commission from subdivision surveyor Gewge Krier. He said he expected work orders attached to approval to he finished within the next two years. Chair of the Name Planning Corrurtission Trene Anderson announced her retirement hum the group after many years' service. She and hubby Babe Anderson plan to became snowbirds. Planners praised Anderson's dedication. "She is the definition of protessionaL," com- mission member Jeff Darling said in a sepa- rate interview. "She has worked hard in everything she has undertaker,. She cuts right through [he BS antl kre[s it done." back to home oa~c nest pose it is how you THINK! back to honk naRe THE NOME NUGGET R~GZONAI.r DECEMBER 3, 2009 5 $4.6 million grant may locate the hot spot at Pilgrim Uninersiry ofAlaska Fairbaltks project would use I-emote sensing techniques to evaluate geothermal potential at less cost Coal mine fires, volcanoes and Pilgrim Hut Springs seems like an unus'uul combination. Bul a technique used to study the firs) nvo may prove valuable in trac- ing the heat source of the third. Such is the aim of a University of Alaska Fairbanks study slated to take place at the hot springs just north of Nomm wiih the help of Sob million U-S. Deparnnent of Energy grans. "As par[ of this project the Uni- cersily ofAlaska is proposing a new and innovative iterative method of digital processing of acquired ther- mal infrared data adapted from ther- mal data processing techniques successfully used to identify small and subtle coal mine fires and in vol- cannkrey research;` reads a project description from the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy. Bt shott, the Alaska Center for En- ergy and Power et UAF is proposing to utilize aerial infrned p'holography to help evaluate the potential of ge- othermal resources for power proj- ecls.The project, which requims a $I milllun local match_woald buck up the aerial research through tradi- uunal, grotmd-based geophysical surveys and drilling, according Iv a press release from UAE "W bile these traditional methods arc reli- able.the associated costs may nml al- ways be econurnical, preventing exploration in many areas. Remote sensing could offer class-cnsdy al- ternative," the release reads. "We are partnering with oar col- leagues at the Alaska Volcano Oh- servatory;' ACEP director Gwen Holdmann said in the release.°If we can prove this less-expensive tech- nology can pruv,ide reliable data, it opens up a new wadJ for geothermal exploration in the slate" The Alaska Ccnterfor Energy anU Power is seeking the $1 million match from the State of Alaska's Re- ewable Energy Fund. Holdmann loll the Fairbanks Daily Newsminer that the project could get underway next summer if the mntehing funds are obtained. The Alaska Center for Energry xnd Power has teamed with the Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks which owns the pmpeny surrounding [he hot springs, as well as adjacent landowner Mary's Igloo Native Corp. The location of I'he main source of but sprin_s is currently un- known and could actually be on the Mary's Igloo property. The project comesjuet as the dio- cese prepares to put the hot springs property up for vale to fund the set- tlement of multiple sexual abuse claims. A S IO million sealernem has nearly been finalized 6e[ween [he church and attorneys represcntine claimants (sec story on page I). This would not be the first time studies have occurred a[ the hm springs. Work took place at Pilgrim in the late 1970s and early 1980x. Data from those studies would be used in this latest endeavor. While the project is designed to; in a sense, test a test for geothermal evaluation, the work could also dc- lermine that the resource at Pilgrim viable source of energy fur Nome. The thought is not new, how- ever,the costs of a transmission ]ioe from the site to Nane as well as [he elusivenes's of the scarce has thwarted any real pursuit nt tapping the resuurce for such a pnrpnse. • Settlement continued fi~onr yoga 1 Poole was amone the dozen priests accused of sexually abusing juvenile parish members. Nn criminal churees could he filed because of a statute of limitn- tions. As [he civil cases piled up and some of CBNA's insurance cnmpa- nics refused to pay, CBNA declared bankroptcy in Febrvary 2005. Since then, CBNA sorted through its pos- sessions and put hvo plmts before the bankruptcy court. The victims rejected both. CBNA chancellor Robert Hannon told The Nome Nagger that prior to last week's hearing, mediation talks were held and the victims' represen- tatives agreed to the third amended CANA bankruptcy plan. "ln broad terms, the parishes chipped in, an insurance carrier paid and fien we expect money raised from the sale of Pilgrim Hot Springs," Hannon said. Lr addition to the parishes, KNOM also con- hibu[ed money [o the bankroptcy plan, Rosenberg said. Anchorage artmrney Ken Rnosa, who represents most of the victims, said that the plan "is the best we can get, not as much as we wanted, but you've got to take what you geC' Larger payout sums could he reached when the v,ietims' lawyers go after CBNA's insurers. Harmon said that the CBNA signed over the ability to the claimants m sue the diocaces' insurers. Hannon said [hat Catbo7 is Mutual and Aetna Trav- eler's Insurance are nnl fulfilling the oblieations under the policies CBNA had with them. Rosenberg added that the insurers know they have to pa}S but at dispute is the amount of money. if the creditors go after the imsur- ance companies and win a court bat- tle, itcould bring an additional $100 million in payments to the vinims. The sale of Pilgrim Hot Springs to the hlehest bidd vs is alsm part of [he plan ro pay out the victims.A sealed bidding deadline is set for Dec. ]0. Rosenbere said she hopes the bankruptcy proceedings are .voon over as the process is very uostly. She said HOT SPOT-Astcamy stream cuts a path along the wttoowood trees tun a -3U" F day near the historic buildings that dot the Pilgrim Hol Springs property north of Nome. If ; $1 million in matching funds can be found, a $4.6 million federal gran[ wdl cover the remaining costs to study techniques for evaluating ge- ~~ uthermal potential. ~ that some of the hnvyers invnlved apply discounts but she expects legal fees to be at least $2 million. After the diocese is out of hank- ruptcy,Hannon said, the real work is to make amends and [u restore [he trust. "We have to do a lot mf heal- ing," Hannon said. Of the perpetrators, lames E. 7a- cohson and James Poole are still alive and livine in a Iesuit re[ire- rnent home in Spokane, Wash. Rosenberg said they have not been in contact with the Diocese of Fair- banks and have not issued any statements or apologies. Rather, Rosenberg said, once the 6ankrup[cy proceedings are over, Bishop Donald Keeler would go around on trips and apologize and focus on healing sessions. Rosenberg also mentioned that more money might be in store for the survivors of sezua1 clergy abuse as the Oregon A~ovince of the Society of Jesus-the Jesuit order-also filed for bankruptcy. The deadline to file claims was on Monday. Nov. 30. It starts with you Get seasonal and H1N1 vaccinations Vaccinations are the best way to protect yourself and your family against the influenza virus. 1-888-9PANFLU ¢,i: p~ pandemicflu.alaska.gov Give the gift of travel. So many reasons to give, so many places to go. For your next special occasion, an Alaska Airlines gift certificate offers adventure, memories and once-in-a-lifetime experiences, all in one small package. Give friends and family the world. Certificates available at alaskaair.com. back to home Dace next Ia e Archive photo G,v Tyler FlmJes back to home passe 14 THURSDAY, AUGU • More Obituaries CELEBRATION- Rev. Refs Toui, pallor of St. ,loseph Catholic Church in Nome says Mass at Oar Lady of Lourdes church a[ PHgrvu Hot Springs Aug. r. Hot Springs form nonprofit corporation By Laarie McNicholas The Rdands of R7grim Hot Springs filed articles of i¢corpora- tion as a nonprofit wrpora[ion with the State of Ataska nn Iuiy 31 fol- lowing abrief meeting. The organi- >ation aims to preserve historical sites a[ Pilgrim Hot Springs. Gary Longley; Sr. is the rcgiuered agent of the corporation. arrd he wil serve as o¢e of its i¢itial directors, along with Nancy McGuire and Louie Green, Sr. Longley recently obtained a copy L©CAI.,~ • Friends of Pilgrim continued frorn page 12 of theright-of-way grant for the Pi1- gtim Hot Springs road issued April 4, 1985 by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to the Alaska Dept. of Transportation. The document describes the right- of-way as a road frorn mile 53.4 of the Nome-Taylor Road to Pilgrim Hot Springs. The road is 60 feet wide (30 feet centerline) and ap- proximately 7.5 miles long contain- ing approximately 55 acres. The right-of-way document says t is necessary to facilitate develop- ment of Pilgrim Hot Springs. "This right-of-way grant is for 20 years, with the right of renewal., un- less it is relinquished, abandoned, terminated, or otherwise modified pursuant to the terms and conditions of this grant or of any applicable Federal law or regulation;'the docu- ment states. The BLM right-of-way grant for the road to the DOT expired in 2005. The Friends of Pilgrim Hot Springs newed. Members of the organization plan to hold a meeting in September when Tom Buzek, business administer for the Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks is in Nome. The diocese owns Pilgrim. Hot Springs. Buzek spent a week at Pilgrim Hot Springs in late July, painting the in- side of the church and cleaning other structures on the grounds with the help of Louie Green, Sr. and several volunteers. Court di a~ W k completing 100 hours of community work service, by 1/16/10; Probation for t year law; Shall not possess or consume alcohol in any dry or damp community; Subject en n ee 9 (date of Judgment: 813/09); Shall nos consume inhalants or possess or consume to warrantless breath testing at the request of any peace officer in such community; CIVI~ controlled substances or alcoholic beverages; Shall pay fine or show proof of cum- Person and baggage era subject to warrantless search at any airpoA or an route Mary Analisa vs Swann . Penninl JR„ Steven Allen; DV: Both EzParte 8 Long Tarm munity work service, as ordered. to (by any means) adry/damp community; Subject to warrantless arrest for any vi- , Davis, Kaitlan vs. Davis, Johnee; DV: Both EvParte 8 Long Term i C rt f t d S i C Stale of Alaska v. Jessica Oozeva (1016/91); 2N0-09446GR Notice of Dismissal; Charge 001: Minor Consuming Alcohol; Filed by the DAs office 8/3/09. olation of these conditions of probation. State of Alaska v. Leroy Marlin (8/19/90); Notice of Dismissal; Charge 001: Minor Con- uper or ou on us o y - or Johnson, Stephanie M. vs. Lopez. Gabino B.; Petit Sockpick, Roy vs. Sockipck, Helen M.; DV: Both ExParte d Long Term -_.. _ _ .. _. _ _ .. _.....- State of Alaska v.^Frank Anderson (1/23159); Order to Modify or Revoke Probation; .T.,. ~~~a~ ....._ , .... .........a,,.,.... .. .._. o ti, .,, . ,+ ~ . on„n c sominsg Alcohol; Filed b^ the DAs Office B/6/09.¢onrro n.na. r., a,..+.r., ,., oo„wo r r i~w~ „ i .. n .. rarerom onin no THE NOME NUGGET Hot Springs he road are seeking to have it re administrator for the Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks on Aug. 1.In the background is Our lady of Lourdes Catholic Church. Buzek and several volunteers spent a week painting the inside walls of the church and clean- ing other buildings on the site. The former mission was developed as an orphanage and boarding school fol- lowingthe 1918 Influenza Pandemic and operated until the early 1940s.It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. of my work." In between seasonal jobs, he attended the University of Walter "Boyle" Sevok Alaska Fairbanks, where he received. Outwater Jr. academic awards for his writings. Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks Fairbanks Diocese Reviews Pilgrim Hot Springs Develop... Page l of 2 ,: Diocese of f --. ~~ --~ Fairbanks ~y~~~.~. ,~- ~* ~~; - -- X~,~ 4v . .f• r-, ~~~: ~~ ~"~ ~~ s~~,~ `* .r ' ~ Fairbanks Diocese Reviews Pilgrim Hot BISHOP - T_ > Springs Development DIOCESE > CHANCERY > ' Catholic Bishop of Northern Alaska PARISHES 1316 Peger Road ------- - Fairbanks, AK 99709 ALASKAN (907) 374-9500 SHEPHERD NEWSLETTERS > press Release ~~ For immediate release REPORT ABUSE OVERVIEW POLICIES > TRAINING_ VICTIM ASSISTANCE MINISTRIES > FAIRBANKS DIOCESE REVIEWS PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS DEVELOPMENT The Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks will be offering a public presentation on Tuesday, February 17th as part of a public comment period on Pilgrim Hot Springs. The diocese has been offering informational presentations to help it prepare for future development of the property. The first presentations were given in Nome on February 2nd and Teller on February 7th. As in Nome, participation will be available both online via Webex and by telephone. Pilgrim Hot Springs, located on the Seward Peninsula about 45 miles NE of Nome, offers rich potential for geothermal energy for the region, and has attracted the attention of local entrepreneurs and state officials interested in developing alternative energy sources for communities around the State of Alaska. The informational meeting takes place at the Kobuk Center, 2890 N. Kobuk Avenue at 3 PM. Tom Buzek, Business Administrator for the Diocese, will lead the presentation and a panel including a geothermal consultant will take questions. AGENCIES > ` pilgrim Hot Springs was deeded to the Church in 1917. Soon after, CELEBRATIONS k it was the site of a boarding school and orphanage to serve OF WORD AND children whose parents were taken by the Great Influenza HOLY pandemic which swept the globe in 1918. The orphanage closed in coMMUNION the early 1940s and there are still buildings and a cemetery '++~ LIBRARY http://www.dioceseoffairbanks.org/homepagenews/fairbanks_diocese_reviews~ilgrim_ho... l /25/20 ] 0 Catholic Diocese of Fairbanks Fair~ks Diocese Reviews Pilgrim Hot Spri~Develop... Page 2 of 2 remaining from this period on the property. The property was listed • on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. CATHOLIC LWKS coNTACT us _ Besides having sentimental attachments by prior inhabitants of the EMPLOYMENT ~ orphanage and their relatives, the property also offers potential for agriculture, producing fresh greenhouse vegetables for the area. TERMS of usE The tourism industry may also be interested in the land because of ®~~ its natural hot springs. Any other viable development ideas proposed by interested parties will be reviewed. The area around Pilgrim Hot Springs has also been the site of many traditional and subsistence use activities for many years. For more information contact (907) 374-9510; Robert Hannon, Chancellor - robert@cbna.org (907) 374-9528; Tom Buzek, Business Administrator -tom@cbna.org. Top t>f Pagc __ http://www.dioceseoffairbanks.org/homepagenews/fairbanks_diocese_reviews~ilgrin~_ho... 1 /25/2010 • Anehor~e RmNv Netirs ~- Sunday, M2rch 7, 2010 A.T Fl~It88ANKS Groap bu4-s auct~aed diocese hot springs A consortium of Alaska Native and nonprofit groups -from the Bering Straits region is the successful bidder for Pilgrim HQt Springs. The 320 acreTroperty was auctioned Friday in U.S. 13anluvptcy Court in Anchor- age. The sale was one of the Fairbanks Catholic Diocese's final requirements to fulfill its court-approved Chapter it reorganization plan. , ` The auction is part of a re- organizationplan inresponse to a settlement of lawsuits in sexual abuse cases. ~'he plan ', calls for the diocese to provide $9.8 million to claimants. The hot springs sold for $1.9 million and all but $50,000 will pay for the remaining legal and administrative fees owed by the diocese. The re- mainingmoney wUi beadded to the victims settlement fond. - Tice Assocfatecf Press C~ C~ ~S~ l~~ ~~5 ~~~y~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~. ~0~ ~~~ ~ 1 C ; ~1~=C~;; c..~ 1~~ ~ ~ C'~ ~.`: ) `-. ~~i ~~,i~.," ~~_': ,v(" ~~? . ,o i • PETROLEUM VEhVS • WEEK OF NOVEMBER 15, 2009 GOVERNMEM $15M for Alaska geothermal projects The Oban~a adminishation's economic stinwlus package is providing ~ 15 million in f'unding through t~he U.S. DepartmenY of Enerery for geothermal projects in the State ofAlaska, li.S. Sen. MarkBegich, D-Alaska, announced Oct. 2R The funding, which comes from the American Ruovery and Reinvesnnent Act, includes S723 million for Naknek Elecp~ic Association's geothermal project near King Salmon; S4.6 The Alaska funding comes as million to the Univexsit~ ofAlaska Fairbanks part of a D~E disft'ibutiOn Of for testin~ of eothermal exploration tech- ?-- ~ $338 million in stimulus _mques for use at Pil~rim Hot Sp~ m~s, near package geothermal funding Nome; and S2.1 miliion to Alaska-based Trabits Group LLC for the development of for 12$ projects in $9 states, cement thaP can be used in high-temperaNre to t'ecipients including jltiva[e geothermal wells. industry, academic "Alaska ah~eady leads the nation in pro- institutlons, tribal entitles, ducing eleetriciry from the lowest tempera- jocal governments and DOE's ture geothermal. waters. However, our effo~YS national laboratories. to use this abundant energy source have bare- . ly broken the surface of potential energy pro- ~ ducaon," Begich said. "The Department of Energy is right to look to our state when developing new clean energy techi~ologies. Alaskans have as much to gain from the development of affordable and clean energy technology as anywhere in the United States" Matchitg funds required The Alaska funding comes as part of a DOE distribution of $338 million in stim- ulus package geothemial funding for 123 projects in 39 states, to recipients includ- ing private industry, academic Institutions, tribal entities, local governments and DOE's national laboratories.'Che grants will be matched rooi~ than o~~e-for-one with an additional S353 million in private and nonfede~al cost-share funds, DOE says. "The United States is blessed with vast geothernial ene~gy resources, which hold enormous potentia] Yo heat our homes and power our economy," said Enecgy Secretary Steven Chu. "These investments in America's technological innovation wiil allow us to capmre ~nore of this cleaq carbon fiee enerbry at a lower cost than ever before. We will create thousands of jobs, boost our ewnomy and help Co jumpstart the geothemial industry across the United States:' -ALAN BAILEY ~ ~~ ~ a a ANYWHERE IN ALASKA, THE L6WER 48 & CANADA 24-HOUR ON-DEMAND Gt1ARTERS & CARC;4 SERUICE North Slope in 2 Hours, Dutch Harbor in 3 Hours, Crews and Frelght 24/7 Last minute meetings on your time Oil Field Passenged Frei9ht Suppod N 9 Passenger Jet-Turbine Passenger & Cargo Service Z 18 Passenger Super DC-3 Service wlCargo ~ ~ Depart irom our passenger lounge orour Anchorage Airpod gate ~. ~ Flying thmughout Alaska since 1994 ~G~~I~T,r~- LuxsNoarxaix Avurpx ~ ~ ~ o. o~~.Ae. ~ F 1 N 11 N C E & E C 0 N 0 M Y Saskatchewan a t~.eal-making hot ~ GARY PRRK Petmlemn Ne~cs a utside of~ritish Columbia's siz- zling tig6t ~d shale gas prospects, the hottesC piece o ~I patch real estate in Canada tl~ese ~•ys is southern Saskatchewan, led ~ the Bakken oil field. IPs the scene of a he vyweight contest between PehoBakken ormed from. a CS2.4 billion merge~ of Pe~{~obank Energy and Resources and TriStai~ Oyl & Gas) and C~escent Point Energy, wlim$~has pushed its 2009 deal making to alm st C$1.25 billion. Trying to move up the ra~ ings is Glamis Resoumes, which has nr e five investments totaling CS535 milli i this year. 'The attraction is simple: Powere by new technology, the indushy has dril d more than 7,000 wells in the last fi years, raising oil-in-place by about tenfol fo almost 5 billion ba~rels and curxent ouU put to 65,000 barrels per day. Crescent Point has locked up about two-thirds of the Bakken land aud has similar shaxe of tlte Lower Shaunav , which contains heavier crude. iriAxon latest deal ]ts ]atest deal on Nov. 9 is an ag ement to take over privately owned ~ riAxon Resources for CS249 millio , adding 1,400 barrels of oil equivale per day to its third-quarter output of out 41,000 boe per day Tisdale credited new hori ontal drilling and fracture tec nology with making rocks prev' usly seen as uneconomic cand' ates for of the fact that its buyi binge is not over. Chief Financial ~ ieer Greg Tisdale said tl~e wmpany es `some consolida- tion opportuniti available" in the Saskatchewan pl s, suggesting the list of potential takeov targets is leno hy. "We do ha a critical mass in all our coreareas;` said. Tisdale edited new horizontal drilling and fractu technology with making rocks previous seen as uneconon~ic candidates for oro ction. Unlo ing the potential riAxon Chief Executive Officex Jeff S onja said the basin is now Iess about ploLation and more about returning to reas where there axe known hydrocarbon ccunmlations and using science to unlock f e potential. e said t6at is the "esse~ce about what we elieve fhe new junioc (companies) aie all a ut now:" Tn xon did not even require Crescent Point dip into the proceeds from a C$575 illion share o$ering which if complete Nov.3. Scotia apital analyst Jeremy Kaliel said in a r search note that "numerous opportunifie are currently emerging 1t has also con~alled 12 million boe of across the (Sa. atchewan) basm" : pcoved and probabl reserves (~n He said Cre •ent Point is ideally posi- " Saskatohewan and AI rta); 91,000 net tioned to make equisitions, given the acres of undeveloped nd, 4Q00 acres of ~apid eme~gence o new resource plays and which are in fhe Ba en and Viki~~g plays the company s cos . of capital advantage ' ~ of Saskatehewan; 99 net drillinp loca- ovex most of ik~ peer tions; and CS99 i Ilion in tax credits. JeffMartin, a Peter_ Co. analyst, esti- ~ The fransa ion works ~~t ~o mated Crescent PoinYs iking wells would CS742,643 per owing boe and C~] 6.10 a break even at an oil pric f C~64 per bar- boe for the pr ved and probable reserves, rel. Crescent ointChiefExecotiveOfficer On a more cautionar note, Dean Scott Sax rg said TriAxon has aggres- Orrico, chief investment officer at sively p sued high quality plays over MiddlefieldCapital,wameda outtheper- flowing-boe acquis•ition cost be g paid by recent acs with a significant recovery Cresoent Point. factor d established leading positions in He said it is now up to manag ent to Bak n and Viking, establishing a base Poc~s on what it has, drill the pr erties for significanY production and resexves " and prove that what they are paying jus- I gr ~th. tified. • And Gescent Point is making no sec~et Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority October 14, 2009 Ms. Cathy P. Foerster, Commissioner Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission 333 W. 7th Avenue, Suite 100 Anchorage, AK 99501-3539 Re: Status of Oil and Gas Wells Dear Ms. Foerster: /ALASKA WE—) ENERGY AUTHORITY RECEIVED OCT 1 6 Zoog Alaska Oil & Gas Cons. Commission Anchorage I'm writing in response to your September 30, 2009, letter wherein you requested a letter to verify suspended, long-term shut-in and observation wells. Subsequent to receiving the letter, AEA's Mike Harper conferred with Winton Aubert of your office. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no significant activity at Pilgrim Hot Springs since 1982. Our brief research shows that the only interest has been potential development of the geothermal hot springs in the area. However, most significant is the ownership of this parcel containing the wells. It is our understanding that Pilgrim Hot Springs is owned by the Catholic Church for surface estate while the local Native Corporation, Mary's Igloo, is subsurface owner. If you desire further information about land issues you may wish to contact Irene Anderson of Bering Straits Native Corporation in Nome. There has been talk of further research and exploration with the Mary's Igloo group possibly partnering with Alaska Center for Energy and Power at UAF. There is data that one can easily attain through the internet, but I have included two reports that will provide some background. If you desire further information please feel free to contact David Lockard, PE with our office at (907) 771-3062. Sincerely, ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY 0.(,. 6 --- Steve Haagenson Executive Director Attachments: 1982 Stanford University Report AEA 2007 Feasibility Report cc: Tab Ballantine, Department of Law Irene Anderson, Bering Straits Native Corporation Gwen Holdmann, Alaska Center for Energy and Power David Lockard, AEA 813 West Northern Lights Boulevard • Anchorage, Alaska 99503-2495 www.aidea.org • 907/771-3000 0 FAX 907/771-3044 • Toll Free (Alaska Only) 888/300-8534 • www.akenergyauthority.org t Alaska Energy Authority ..r. "A�ifr�� .,i •b , 1 �C y., 4�• PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY REPORT Pilgrim Hot Springs Nome, Alaska April 19, 2007 Lorie M. Dilley, PE/CPG Principal Geologist HMHATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL Engineering Consultants 3335 Arctic Blvd., Ste. 100 Anchorage, AK 99503 Phone: 907.564.2120 Fax: 907.564.2122 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1 2.0 BACKGROUND AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE Figure 2 Site Map CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................1 Area Photos 2.1 LOCATION........................................................................................................ 1 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF PILGRIM SPRINGS AREA .................................... 2 2.3 GEOLOGY......................................................................................................... 2 2.4 HYDROGEOLOGY........................................................................................... 3 2.5 GEOCHEMISTRY............................................................................................. 3 3.0 POWER PLANTS........................................................................5 4.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY..........................................................................5 5.0 ALTERNATIVES..........................................................................6 5.1 ALTERNATIVE 1: SHALLOW SOURCE; UTC SYSTEM ........................................... 7 5.2 ALTERNATIVE 2: DEEP SOURCE; UTC SYSTEM ................................................... 8 5.3 ALTERNATIVE 3: DEEP SOURCE; TRADITIONAL BINARY PLANT ......................... 8 6.0 CAPITAL COST COMPONENTS..............................................................9 6.1 SITE DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................. 9 5.2 EXPLORATION & CONFIRMATION...................................................................... 10 5.3 PERMITTING....................................................................................................... 11 6.4 PRODUCTION WELL DRILLING........................................................................... 11 6.5 GATHERING SYSTEM/POWER PLANT.................................................................. 12 6.6 TRANSMISSION LINE.......................................................................................... 13 7.0 CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................14 7.1 ALTERNATIVE DISCUSSION................................................................................ 14 7.2 FOLLOW ON STEPS............................................................................................ 14 8.0 LIMITATIONS............................................................................15 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Program Components and Costs Table 2 Summary of Alternatives HMHATTENBURG BILLEY & LINNELL Enyln— ny G�nsuil:inls LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1A-6 Vicinity Maps Figure 2 Site Map Figure 3 Area Photos Figure 4 Geologic Map of Seward Peninsula Figure 5 Ownership Map Figure 6 UTC Generator Photo Figure 7 Drilling Costs HMHATTENBURG BILLEY & LINNELL Enyln— ny G�nsuil:inls LIST OF APPENDICIES Appendix A Model Schematics/Order of Magnitude Cost Estimates yM ' +�MTTENBURG PILLEY B UNNELL O � Fnginen ri riy Con suiiants Alaska Energy Authority HDL 07-301 Preliminary Feasibility Study Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS, ALASKA 1.0 INTRODUCTION This study presents the results of our preliminary feasibility study of Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the previous scientific studies conducted in the area and to indicate the feasibility of developing Pilgrim Hot Springs into an active geothermal resource. Alternatives were developed as to the power plant type and geothermal well requirements. A decision matrix, the benefits and faults, and order of magnitude costs are provided for each alternative. This report is based entirely on the literature review conducted and no field studies or additional evaluation of the geothermal resource has been conducted. This is a preliminary study to indicate the potential feasibility of developing Pilgrim Hot Springs into an active geothermal resource for power generation. 2.0 BACKGROUND AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION 2.1 LOCATION Pilgrim Hot Springs is located on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, approximately 60 road miles north of Nome and 80 miles south of the Arctic Circle. The area is located at Latitude 65° 06' N, Longitude 164° 55' W. Vicinity maps are presented in Figures 1A and 113, a site map in Figure 2, and photos of the area in Figure 3. The area is accessible by air via a small landing strip. A 7.5 mile rugged dirt road leading off from MP 53 of the Nome -Taylor Road accesses the area. Pilgrim Hot Springs stands out as an approximately two square mile "thawed zone"; an area of warm soil, dense underbrush and tall cottonwoods seemingly out of place within the harsh conditions of frozen soil and stunted vegetation in the surrounding subarctic tundra. Pilgrim Hot Springs lies in an area of low relief in the wide flat valley of the Pilgrim River, which meanders generally east to west approximately a half mile to the north. Figure 2 presents a site map. Pilgrim River is a tributary of the Kuzitrin River to the north. Several low flowing springs and seeps flow into the Pilgrim River from the underlying alluvial sands and silts. Water temperature near the springs ranges from 145°to 160'F (63° to 71'C). In 1918-19, a worldwide pandemic f lu epidemic struck Mary's Igloo and Pilgrim Hot Springs area and killed every Alaska native adult and a majority of the children living there. Most of the surviving orphans were raised by the Catholic Jesuit priests and Ursuline nuns at the orphanage constructed at Pilgrim Hot Springs. The 1,._ HATTENBUR3 DILLEY& I INNFLL April 2007 Page 1 tnnlnucr nn C.—Ii.rits Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska children and grandchildren (approximately 150 descendants) now comprise the tribe of Mary's Igloo, a federally recognized Alaska Native Tribe. They were moved to surrounding villages when the children's orphanage closed in the 1930's. The surface ownership of Pilgrim Hot Springs is in the Catholic Church, which has leased the area to Pilgrim Springs Limited. It is our understanding that Mary's Igloo Native Corporation (MINC) owns the surrounding area and the subsurface rights (see Figure 4). Currently there is a caretaker on the property and occasional visitors. 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF PILGRIM SPRINGS AREA The most recent and comprehensive investigation of the geothermal characteristics of Pilgrim Springs was a cooperative investigation begun in 1979 by the State of Alaska, Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska and Woodward Clyde Consultants (WCC). The study, done in two phases and completed in 1982, included the drilling of six test wells to depths between 150 and 1001 feet. In addition, surveys of soil helium and mercury, gravity, and electrical resistivity; surficial geology and bedrock mapping, seismic refraction, geomagnetic profiling, shallow thermal conductivity measurements, hydrologic measurements, and geochemistry analysis were undertaken. While this program was able to confirm a significant geothermal resource at Pilgrim Springs, the exact location, depth, and characteristics of the source of the geothermal activity remains to be identified. 2.3 GEOLOGY The Kigluaik Fault, a range -front fault trending east -west several miles to the south, separates the northern edge of the Kigluaik Mountains from the down -dropped (graben) Pilgrim River valley (Figures 1A and 113). This seismically -active fault has experienced displacement within the past 10,000 years. These mountains, rising to elevations of generally 3500-4000 feet, are composed of various metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age, including granitic gneisses and amphibolites. A remnant of similar Precambrian metamorphic rock outcrops several miles north of Pilgrim Springs in the Hen and Chicken Mountains. Local Cretaceous intrusives consisting of biotite granite and diabase are found in a belt from the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk valley; geothermal springs in this belt appear to be associated with these intrusive plutons. Geologic mapping indicates a number of north trending faults, with one projected underneath the Pilgrim valley fill approximately 1.5 miles east of Pilgrim Springs. Based on seismic and gravity surveys, the Pilgrim River valley is filled with sediments at least 1500 feet thick. Surface soils consist of alluvium deposits of the Pilgrim River. A HAT VB LINNELL April 2007 Page 2 SaEnnlrerl.n Cout,�M. Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska vicinity map showing the topographical features surrounding Pilgrim Springs is presented in Figure 1B, and a geologic map of the Seward Peninsula is presented in Figure 4. 2.4 HYDROGEOLOGY Much of Northwest Alaska is underlain by permafrost. Severe winter temperatures maintain permafrost at shallow depths below the surface. This permafrost impedes both the downward and the lateral movement of water, so that most precipitation runs off as surface water. Pilgrim Springs is located in the wide lower end of a drainage system which drains the Kigluaik Mountains to the south and the western end of the Bendeleben Mountains. Both the Pilgrim and Kuzitrin Rivers flow sluggishly across meandering floodplains at a very low gradient, through a poorly -drained lowland studded with ponds, lakes and swampy flats with elevations generally less than 25 feet above sea level. The rivers flow north into the Imuruk Basin, eventually draining out through Grantley Harbor and Port Clarence into the Bering Sea. The extent and thickness of the permafrost in the region has been adequately determined in the past using resistivity surveys and Landsat imagery (Forbes, 1979); however, further investigation of surface temperature profiles using a temperature probe and thermister is necessary. The area of warm thawed soil in the vicinity has been estimated in size from 20 to 30 acres (HLA, 1974) to 0.7 square miles (WCC, 1983) to 2 square miles. Six wells were installed by WCC in 1982 ranging in depth from 150 to 1001 feet. They were clustered in the hottest part of the anomaly approximately '/4 mile southwest of the historic Pilgrim Springs Church; see Figure 2. One well was located on MINC property. Flow rates for the wells ranged from 30 to 250 gallons per minute. All six wells penetrated an extensive shallow geothermal system, having fluid temperatures of 1940 F (900 C), were under artesian pressure of six feet above the land surface, and appeared to feed the surface springs and seeps in the local vicinity of Pilgrim Springs, principally to the southwest of the church. Temperature profiles of the two deepest drill holes indicate the thermal gradient of sediments below the surficial groundwater zone to be increasing about 40 F (2.20 C) per 100 feet of depth. 2.5 GEOCHEMISTRY Pilgrim Springs can be characterized as an alkali -chloride spring, a type often associated with areas of recent volcanism. Saline waters can also be associated with Tertiary sedimentary rocks, which may compose some of the extensive depth of fill in the Pilgrim I.. HArTENSURG DILLEY B LINNEIA April 2007 Page 3 y E, ii, n nq Consuu. ms Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska River valley. Warm brine (NaCl) water has been reported from other wells penetrating Tertiary sediments around Kotzebue and another location on the Seward Peninsula. Geochemical analysis of Pilgrim Springs was undertaken by the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, on samples taken from the six wells. In general, water from wells PS -1 and PS -2 was hot 198-205° F (92-96G), high in dissolved solids, low in salinity, and low pH. Well MI -1, which is tapping water that lies below the shallow thermal aquifer, is cooler 75° F (24C), low in dissolved solids and salinity, and has high pH. Available geochemical data of Pilgrim Spring's exploration wells and springs imply contradictory evidence of a deep, but diluted thermal fluid and a more saline, shallow aquifer. Geothermometry of waters indicate maximum deepwell temperatures (Fournier, 1981) of 266°F (--130°C) yet these values are not consistent with the mixing curves provided by the existing major chemistry. Despite extensive exploration in the Pilgrim Spring's valley by previous researchers, "neither the heat source nor the water source of the circulating geothermal system have been identified (Lofgren, 1983)." Deep drilling (Well PS -5) into the intersection of two high angle faults propagating through the Pilgrim Spring's property was unsuccessful in identifying a conduit connecting deeper thermal waters with the shallow artesian aquifer, yet the resulting temperature profile confirmed the possibility for high temperature thermal waters 2480 F (120+ °C) at depths greater than 2600 feet. However, testimony of past researchers implies additional grounds for locating such a structural conduit. Economides (1982) and Wescott (1981) agreed that a thermal aquifer containing fluids of 3000 F (150°C) at 4,800 feet depth are supplying heat to the surface waters near the present-day well field. Forbes (1979) however recommended further investigation 2 miles to the northeast along the thawed fault -bounded foothills of Hen & Chickens Mountain. A geothermal reservoir is dependent upon the hydrology of the reservoir and the heat balance. The conceptual geothermal reservoir model developed by WCC, 1982 was developed considering the inflow and outflow of fluids and heat into an idealized reservoir area. The model indicates that there could be a continuous supply of 19 to 24 megawatts (MW) of geothermal energy fed into the reservoir from some yet unidentified source. The 19 to 24 MW of energy fed into the reservoir is balanced by outflow from the reservoir of 6 MW to the atmosphere, 2 MW to the thermal springs, and 11 to 16 MW into the groundwater. A 20 -year supply of energy at a use rate of 1.5 MW is believed stored in the shallow thermal aquifer system. More than 90 percent of the resource available is from the as of yet unidentified source. The useable part of the resource is estimated to be 13 to 18 MW or the energy in the thermal springs and the groundwater. This is prior to any energy conversion into power production. April 2007 Page 4 I— H E i,n or nq orisEY LtN. rits Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska 3.0 POWER PLANTS Corresponding to progressively lower resource temperature, geothermal energy is used for electric power generation, direct heating and geothermal heat pumps. Two main types of geothermal systems are utilized for electric power generation: steam dominated and hot water systems. Steam dominated systems have pure high temperature steam that is greater than 455°F (235°C) and typically have production wells 3,000 to 13,000 feet in depth. The steam is brought to the surface and it is used directly to spin the generators to create electricity. Hot water geothermal systems in production have a typical temperature range of 300 to 570°F (150-300°C) (DOE 2003). A flash steam power plant is most common in these systems. The geothermal fluids are brought to the surface through production wells as deep as 13,000 feet. They are highly pressurized; up to 40 percent of the water flashes or in a series of steps boils explosively and turns to steam. The steam is then separated and is fed to the turbine generator unit directly to produce electricity. For hot water systems with lower temperature reservoirs, those between approximately 255°F and 430°F (125°C and 225°C) a binary cycle power plant instead of a flash steam plant is required. In the binary cycle plant the geothermal waters are passed through a heat exchanger to heat a secondary working fluid that vaporizes and that vapor is then used to turn the turbines. United Technologies Corporation (UTC) has developed a binary geothermal power plant currently operational at Chena Hot Springs which produces power from even lower temperature fluids. A reverse -engineered refrigeration unit is used as the binary plant and only requires a 100°F (38°C) temperature differential between heat source and sink to generate power. At Chena Hot Springs, this differential is achieved by using 164°F (73°C) water from the geothermal wells and 40 to 45°F (4 to 7°C) water from a local cold water source. This system is currently only produced by UTC and hereafter will be referred to as the UTC system. See Figure 5 for a photo of a UTC system at Chena Hot Springs. 4.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Based on the conceptual model there is approximately 13 to18 MW of energy available prior to power production. The amount of energy that can be produced is based upon the energy available at the well heads, losses in the hot water delivery system, and the efficiency of the generators. Losses in the transmission line to Nome would also impact the amount of power that reaches the customer. The energy available at the well heads is based upon the flow rate and the temperature of the fluid. Table 1 provides an estimate of well productivity or the amount of energy available per reservoir temperature. For the low temperature source (90 °C) the energy available is approximately 0.4 MW April 2007 Page 5 ATT HO— Oli 1 FY A LINNELI. hn" FBLJ q bon s u u.o�ti Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska per well. For the higher temperature source (150 °C) the energy available is approximately 2.5 MW per well. Flow rates for each alternative to produce 5 MW of power are presented in Section 5.0 for each alternative. One of the most important concepts about the operation of a power plant is that the efficiency of the process is determined by the temperature difference between the boiler and the condenser. In a conventional fossil fuel power plant the temperature of the steam leaving the boiler may be 1,000 IF and the condenser may operate at 100 OF. Theoretical efficiency of the cycle is about 60 percent. Due to losses in equipment, heat transfer processes, the actual efficiency might be on the order of 40 percent. In addition, boiler, combustion, and generator all have efficiencies less than 100 percent therefore a traditional fossil fuel power plant operates at about 30 to 35 percent efficiency. Geothermal resources produce temperatures far less than those of a traditional fossil fuel plant. Geothermal power plants conversion efficiency of heat to electricity is generally less than 10 percent (Rafferty, 2000). This impacts the feasibility of producing geothermal power by increasing the quantity of heat needed thereby increasing costs for resource development. Furthermore the higher heat requires more waste heat requiring more cooling and therefore a larger parasitic load on the plant. In binary plants, discussed in Section 3.0, the temperature of the vapor leaving the boiler is always less than the temperature of the geothermal fluid. Binary power plant efficiency is based the entering temperature of the geothermal fluid and the leaving temperature of the fluid. Most plants are capable of achieving leaving geothermal water temperatures of approximately 160 IF (701C). By knowing the plant efficiency and the resource temperature, the quantity of water flow required can be determined. Given the reservoir temperature of 300°F (150°C) and assumed plant efficiency of 10 percent, the required geothermal water flow is about 2,400 gallons per minute (gpm) for a 5 MW plant. The calculation conducted to determine flow for a given plant efficiency and reservoir temperature breaks down below a temperature of about 200°F (95°C) and therefore does not work for the shallow source identified at Pilgrim Springs. 5.0 ALTERNATIVES Given the identified shallow source of geothermal fluids at Pilgrim Hot Springs near 195°F (901C), and the presumed deeper source of up to 300°F (150°C) geothermal water, we modeled three possible alternatives to generate electricity. Because of the relatively cool temperatures of the two possible sources, we considered options using either the UTC system or a traditional binary power plant. If the lower, hotter reservoir exists, the temperatures are believe to range from 250°F to 300°F (120°C to 150°C) which is too cool for a flash steam power plant. The alternatives modeled in this report are as follows: April 2007 Page 6 y'HEngirB_URGDILLPsultantS p ✓` En i C Gonsu��an15 Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska Alternative 1: Shallow Source; UTC System. Alternative 2: Deep Source; UTC System. Alternative 3: Deep Source; Binary Plant. For each alternative, we assumed that there was a developable resource able to produce 5 MW of electricity, which needs to be proven by drilling. Because so little is known about the nature of the resource, including total size, or the sustainable flow rates of the geothermal fluids, this assumption may prove to be either much lower or higher than the real potential of the resource. This can only be verified by more onsite investigation of the resource. A resource capable of producing 5 MW's may be more likely to hold for the deep, higher temperature, geothermal source. The current peak power needs of Nome are in the neighborhood of 5 MW, and they are projected to exceed this by around 9 MW with the Rock Creek Gold Mine on line. Table 1 presents components and costs associated with confirming the existence of the geothermal reservoir. Table 2 presents a summary of the alternatives. The order of magnitude cost estimates for each alternative are based on a completed 5 MW capacity power plant, with enough geothermal wells drilled for supplying the necessary fluids and providing for reinjection wells in order to maintain reservoir pressures. Schematic diagrams of the alternatives are presented in Appendix A, Figures Al — A3. The cost estimates are an order of magnitude costs and should only be used to compare costs between the alternatives and as an assessment of the feasibility of the models, should further research prove out the resource. Further analysis of the components of the cost estimates follow in Section 5. 5.1 Alternative 1: Shallow Source; UTC System In this alternative we modelled tapping the shallow, 195°F (90°C) geothermal waters. This temperature is well suited to the temperature differential utilized in a Chena Hot Springs -style UTC system; assuming cooling is achieved by winter air or local, cold stream waters used in the power plant. The Pilgrim River runs nearby, and would provide the necessary cooling water. We assume a depth of 500 feet below the surface for wells utilizing this source. According to Chena Power, LLC, a flow rate of approximately 1200 gallons per minute (gpm) would be necessary to generate 1 MW with the assumed 195°F (90°C) fluid. For the 5 MW, a flow rate of about 6,000 gpm would be necessary. The efficiency of the larger 5 MW system may require additional flow, which is unknown at this time. If the attainable flow rate for each well was near 300 gpm, approximately 20 production wells would be necessary. Simple calculations based on fluid temperature (Hanse, 2005) give a productivity of 0.4 MW per well (see Table 1). This calculation results in 13 wells necessary to generate 5 MW of power. The number of wells with this low-temperature LL April 2007 Page 7 HMHn,91—cow, � -INNft Espin ser�n9 C�neu'in nts Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska resource was set at between 13 to 20 wells. This number of wells may be unfeasible in such a small area, leading to well interference among other problems. At least one reinjection well, and likely more, would be necessary to maintain the pressure and fluid flow within the reservoir. The existing UTC power plant technology as utilized at Chena takes advantage of a temperature range very similar to that found in the shallow resource at Pilgrim. The geothermal waters utilized at Chena are 164DF (731C), and the cooling river waters are 40DF (4DC). The generators at Chena are 200 KW units. Twenty-five of these units would be required to produce 5 MW. UTC is reported to be developing a 1 MW generator, in which case this rather unwieldy number of generators would be cut to 5. 5.2 Alternative 2: Deep Source; UTC System In this alternative we consider the as yet to be determined deeper, hotter, geothermal source. We model this source using the 300DF (150DC) fluid temperature and well depths at 5000 feet below the ground surface. Alternative 2 investigates the costs associated with using a UTC power plant with this source. According to Chena Power LLC, the flow rate of geothermal fluids necessary to generate 1 MW at this temperature is approximately 350 gpm, much lower than the preceding alternative. Using an assumed plant efficiency of 10 percent, we calculated the flow rate at about 480 gpm per 1 MW. Therefore to produce 5 MW of electricity the geothermal fluid flow rate would be between 1,750 to 2,400 gpm. Drillhole productivity calculations from Table 1 indicated each well in this alternative would produce about 2.5 MW. For the anticipated 5 MW, 2 wells would be needed. However, based on the high flow rates needed 3 wells may be necessary. For this alternative we have assumed 2 to 3 production wells would be necessary. The existing UTC technology would have to be modified to take advantage of this higher temperature source. The larger temperature differential would at least require a different secondary fluid to maximize the efficiency of power generation. Assuming this technological problem is adequately solved, the greater temperature differential should help increase the power available, perhaps lowering the cost per MW. 5.3 Alternative 3: Deep Source; Traditional Binary Plant In this alternative we again consider the inferred deeper, hotter, geothermal source. We modeled this source assuming 3001F (150DC) fluids at 5000 feet depth below the ground surface. Alternative 3 investigates the costs associated with using a traditional binary power plant. As with Alternative 2 above, calculations in Table 1 give us roughly 2.5 MW per well, necessitating 2 wells to produce 5 MW. Flow rates would be similar to those in Alternative 2 therefore we have assumed 2 to 3 wells would be needed to achieve the necessary flow rates at the assumed plant efficiency of 10 percent. 1 HATTENBURD DILLFY 8 LINNEL L April 2007 Page 8 HM Enai- - oonsulta fl Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska The temperature of this source is in the range of fluid temperatures that have proved to be economically exploitable by traditional binary power plants. Ormat is a major supplier of this type of power plant with generators in the 5 MW range. 6.0 CAPITAL COST COMPONENTS Presented are the components of the capital cost for the alternatives dicussed. All costs detailed are order of magnitude only. Summaries of these costs are found on the schematics of the alternatives in Figures Al through A3 in Appendix A and in Table 2. All costs are based on 2008 construction with no inflation. The large capital costs required for these types of projects necessarily involve borrowing money and long delays in construction can add significant costs to any of the projects. The components considered were the following: • Site Development • Exploration & Confirmation • Permitting • Production Well Drilling • Power Plant and Gathering System • Transmission Line For the geothermal components such as exploration and confirmation, and well drilling, we relied on calculations in Table 1 developed by Hanse, 2005. Site development and transmission line costs were developed based on experience of local engineers, the new Nome Power Plant, and contacting suppliers. Power plant costs were based on Hanse and quotes from suppliers of the power plants. 6.1 Site Development Site development would include upgrading the gravel access road and developing an area for the power plant site and well pads. An existing, approximately 7.5 -mile, 4 -wheel drive road that connects the Nome -Taylor Highway to Pilgrim Springs would need to be upgraded to provide access for drill rigs and other equipment (see photo in Figure 3). The last 200 yards of this road is especially swampy and difficult for vehicles according to the on-site caretaker. Costs for this improvement will depend on a number of factors, including number and type of stream crossings necessary, size and adequacy of existing road section, availability and grading of local materials, subsurface conditions at the site, etc. For our cost analysis we assume that the current 4 -wheel drive road is approximately 16 feet wide and has a �_" T'F+IBURC DILLEY d I I^IN April 2007 Page 9 E -9inea nu Consui �s Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska 2 -foot thick section and will be upgraded to 24 feet wide and 3 -foot thick section. We assume that adequate gravel will be available from quarries near Nome. Bid tab estimates were used plus additional increase in the cost for hauling material to Pilgrim, we estimated approximately $40 to $80 per cubic yard for gravel. These numbers are on the low end for rural Alaska projects, but Nome generally has a reasonably available source of gravel from local mining operations. We further assume that two stream crossings will be necessary, and that these will be provided by road culverts at approximately $200,000 per crossing. This gives a total range for the road upgrade of about 3 to 5 million dollars (M$). Based on the new Nome Power Plant size and scaling for the size and number of generators that would be used at Pilgrim we estimated a building size of about 15,000 square feet. Pad development for the power plant will be on the order of $250,000 to $500,000 assuming a 15,000 square foot building and cost for gravel of $40 to $80 per cubic yard. Well sites and additional upgrades to on-site roads will probably add an additional $250,000 to $400,000 in gravel to the project. Site development would add an additional 0.5 to 1 M$. This assumes that the power plant would not need a specialize foundation. The new Nome Power Plant needed a specialize foundation with a cost of about 1 to 1.2 M$ for the foundation alone. 5.2 Exploration & Confirmation The exploration phase consists of investigating the geothermal resource, beginning with prospecting and field analysis, and ending with the drilling of the first full-scale commercial production well. Some of this work has already been accomplished. For example, a full regional reconnaissance is not necessary as the focus has already been narrowed to the region of apparent geothermal activity at Pilgrim. Some district exploration has already been accomplished in the 1979 study of Pilgrim Springs. However, much work does remain to be done to characterize reservoir morphology, flow rates and temperature for both the shallow and deep resource. It is expected that exploration of the shallow resource, (though it may be less likely to satisfy the power generating needs of Nome) would be less costly due to being nearer the surface and better characterized at this time than the deeper source. According to Hanse (2005), exploration costs typically run in the range of $100 to $200/kW depending on the nature and size of the project, the amount of information already available, and the technologies employed in exploration. Factors affecting drilling costs also greatly influence exploration. The size of drill rig will also affect the drilling costs. For the proposed shallow wells, a shallow gas drill rig may may be preferred to a large oil drill rig. The shallow gas drill rigs are capable of drilling depths on the order of 3,000 feet and are transported on a single, heavy duty truck. Support trucks are used for carrying supplies, mud tanks, and some associated gear �=NATTENBUF,, F, I', IFYMINKU, April 2007 Page 10 Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska however the drilling footprint is much smaller than the large oil drill rigs. The deeper depth of 5,000 feet is near the cut off for some of the more advanced shallow drill rigs and it may still be possible to use this type of drill rig for this depth. Currently, drilling costs are expected to be high because of the high cost of oil and the high demand for rigs for petroleum exploration projects. Figure 7 presents drilling costs of oil and gas wells in 2003. The costs for the shallower depths use the smaller drill rigs. If one doubles these numbers to account for the current (2007) level of exploration, and then doubles the cost again as a rough "Alaska factor" to try to compensate for remoteness, a range of about 0.8 to 2 M$ per well results. Confirmation costs are those costs necessary to confirm 25 percent of the total project capacity. Table 1 provides the costs for administration, unsuccessful drill holes, regulatory compliance for exploration drilling, reporting documents, and well testing. These costs are needed to confirm a geothermal reservoir prior to production drilling. If the costs from Table 1 are added up for the two sources and multiplied by an Alaska factor of 2, this gives a low-end total confirmation cost of around 5 M$ for the shallow resource and 9 M$ for the deeper resource. If we double these numbers again to give a rough estimate to the high end of the expected range (to allow mainly for more expensive drilling costs due to the competition for drilling equipment with the petroleum industry, etc.), and add on the range above for the exploration costs we get the numbers listed on Figures Al through A3 for the costs of exploration and confirmation of 7 to 14 M$ for the shallow resource and 11 to 22 M$ for the deeper resource. This is the range of costs needed to confirm that the resource is actually there. 5.3 Permitting Permitting costs are necessary for compliance with state and federal regulations. Hanse gives a range of typical project costs for permitting of from about 0.2 M$ with a completion time for permitting of less than a year (best case scenario) to over 1 M$ with a permitting time of over 3 years, mostly depending on the stringency of local regulations. Air permitting on the Nome Power Plant was extensive and required two years of monitoring data before permitting would take place. However geothermal power plants generally have better air quality than traditional fossil fuel plants and therefore air permitting will probably be less rigorous. Additional permitting issues may arise particularly with transmission lines and migratory birds as well as discharge of waters into the surrounding environment. These costs are included into the Exploration and Confirmation costs on Figures Al through A3 of Appendix A. 6.4 Production Well Drilling Although some well drilling is included above in costs to confirm the resource, additional wells would need to be drilled to complete the development of the resource to 5 MW. April 2007 Page 11 1..f � HATTFNPURG D�LI IU:NFI.I. v� t Co,,, ,: ,,,, Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska Drilling costs are affected by depth of hole, availability of equipment, how well the resource is characterized, temperature, chemistry and permeability of the resource, and cost of construction materials, among other factors. A little over half of the drilling costs are explained solely by the depth of the well. Assuming the brine in this resource is not corrosive and given that the relatively low temperatures of these resources should not result in high pressure, the drilling conditions at Pilgrim should not be unduly adverse. One method for assessing base cost for drilling each well is that given by Table 1. This value is significantly higher, however, than drilling costs averaged from onshore oil and gas drilling (Augustin, 2006), see Figure 7. Either of these costs must be multiplied by an "Alaska Factor" to take local conditions and remoteness into account, as well as availability and cost of drilling equipment in the current market. The number of wells that need to be drilled depends most strongly on the productive capacity of each well, which has been estimated in Section 4.0. The success rate of holes drilled during this phase is in the range of 80 percent. It is strongly recommended to drill at least one extra production well during this phase to help offset the common occurrence of well productivity decline. Reinjection wells will also be necessary to maintain the resource. Taking all of these factors into account, a range for the cost of drilling is around 4 to 8 M$ for the shallow resource and 5.5 to 11 M$ for the deep source, keeping in mind that 25 percent of the production capacity for the shallow resource and 33 percent of the production capacity for the deep resource was developed in the confirmation phase. Competition for drilling services from the oil and gas industry could drive these figures up even higher. 6.5 Gathering System/Power Plant In costs for the power plant we include costs for the generators and generator building and pumps and piping to bring the geothermal fluids to the generators. The hot water gathering system includes the pipes and pumps. Under a reasonable assumption that our geothermal fluids are not too highly corrosive, we can start with the industry average of around $250 per kW from Hanse(2005), which gives about 1 M$ for a 5 MW project. Doubling this for the Alaska factor, one obtains a range of roughly 1 to 2 M$. The number of pipes necessary to develop the shallow resource will undoubtedly be greater, as we require a greater number of wells in our model. At the new Nome Power Plant, a traditional fossil fuel plant, building costs were on the order of 5 to 7 M$, with the final project costs approaching 30 M$. Geothermal power plant costs include the cost of land, and physical plant, including buildings and power - generating turbines. Geothermal plants are relatively capital -intensive, with low variable riJL�N TTRJ& URG ELL April 2007 Page 12 gEN ,F .,e� nD BILLV& LI NNS Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska costs and no fuel costs. Plant lifetimes are typically 30-45 years. Financing is often structured such that the project pays back its capital costs in the first 15 years. Costs then fall by 50-70%, to cover just operations and maintenance for the remaining 15-30 years that the facility operates. In the case of the traditional binary power plant, we use numbers from Hanse, multiplied by a factor of 2 ("Alaska Factor") to estimate a range of from 23 M$ to 30 M$ for a 5 MW power plant, assuming a resource temperature of 150°C. According to the Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP) in Washington DC, capital cost for geothermal power plants in the 5 MW range using a medium quality resource ranges from $1600 to $2400 per installed kW. Applying a factor of 2 for the remoteness of the project, construction cycles and Alaska weather the REPP numbers are in the same range as Hanse. Chena Power, LLC gives a cost of $1300 per KW for the UTC generators. Based on conversations with Chena Power, LLC, this cost is expected to hold for the currently produced 200 kW generators and the 1 MW generators they are developing. Shipping for the 200 kW generator to Chena Hot Springs was around $50 per kW. We also assume the construction of a 15,000 square foot building to house the generators, shops, and apartment space at around $350 to $500 per square foot. Using these values we get a cost of roughly 12 to 17 M$ for the UTC plant. 6.6 Transmission Line To bring the power produced to Nome, approximately 60 miles of transmission line would be necessary. For a single pole structure, Dryden and LaRue (personal communication) provided a rough estimate of $500,000 to $750,000 per mile. This assumes winter construction for tundra protection, and further assumes that topography is gentle along the path of the transmission line. This gives a total cost of between 30 to 45 M$. Hanse reports costs for construction lines of from $164,000 to $450,000 per mile, doubling these numbers for the Alaska Factor we get a total of around 20 M$ to 54 M$. We take a middle range to be a reasonable rough cost estimate, and assume transmission costs to be approximately 20 M$ to 45 M$. HATTENURGDI f April 2007 Page 13 1—M EnOillxa C.-Wtmts Alaska Energy Authority HDL 07-301 7.0 CONCLUSIONS Preliminary Feasibility Study Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska 7.1 Alternative Discussion The following presents a summary of the alternatives and associated costs. PROJECT ALTERNATIVE COSTS ($M 1. Shallow Source; UTC System 48-92 2. Deep Source; UTC System 54-103 3. Deep Source; Binary Plant 64-116 Based on cost alone, it seems that Alternative 1 would be the preferred alternative. It is possible that this alternative would not produce 5 MW. We do not know the total capacity of either resource for power generation. It is more plausible that the inferred deeper source would be able to generate power in the range of 5 MW. The shear number of wells and generators needed to generate power may also preclude the use of the UTC system. Well interference may also be a major problem with Alternative 1. Alternatives 2 and 3 utilize a source, that while less well characterized than the shallow source, has greater theoretical potential for power generation due to its higher inferred temperature (150°C vs 90°C) and potentially greater heat capacity. Using a UTC system may have cost advantages because of the small size of the plant and relatively low temperature of the source. However, the UTC system currently utilized in geothermal setting at Chena Hot Springs runs off of a lower temperature source and the technological problems of working with the hotter fluid at Pilgrim will need to be overcome. This may delay the time until a working plant is available, thus raising the cost. Although projected to be slightly more expensive than the other options, Alternative 3 at this time seems to be the option most likely to succeed. Prior to more research into the characteristics of the resource, this appears to be the best option. If the deeper resource proves to have greater than 5 MW capacity then the cost per megawatt will decrease. Many of the costs are fixed and therefore additional power capacity beyond the 5 MW would provide a lower cost per megawatt which could benefit the mine coming on line. 7.2 Follow On Steps At this time neither of the resources has been confirmed. The shallow source has been identified however its full character has not been confirmed. The deep source is only known through limited geochemistry and modeling the shallow source. An exploration April 2007 Page 14 _I T "I, LC nnq Cor LI wN Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska followed by a confirmation phase needs to be conducted prior to any decisions about type of power plant and number of wells. We would recommend that the exploratory phase focuses initially on both the shallow and the deep source. A better characterization of each would help immensely in refining the feasibility estimates of the available options. We would recommend the following for assessing the resources: 1. Identifying the regional thermal and hydrologic gradient; 2. Repeat equilibrium temperature profiles for existing wells; 3. Accurately and uniformly characterize the chemistry of the well, spring and river waters; 4. Complete mapping of regional geothermal system; 5. Characterizing regional aqueous geochemistry; and 6. Quantifying thermal budget and environmental impacts. In addition to these items, a conceptual model of the shallow and deep geothermal reservoirs with our improved understanding of structurally controlled geothermal systems should be developed. Based on the exploratory phase one or both of the sources will be identified and a more thorough understanding of the sources will be achieved. After the exploratory phase a decision can be made as to which source to pursue and a confirmation phase can begin. The costs associated with exploratory and confirmation phases including the drilling of test holes and well tests is on the order of 7 to 22 M$. 8.0 LIMITATIONS If substantial time has elapsed between submission of this report and the start of work at the site, or if conditions have changed because of natural causes or construction operations at or adjacent to the site, we recommend that this report be reviewed to determine the applicability of the conclusions and recommendations considering the time lapse or changed conditions. Prepared By: Hattenburg Dilley & Linnell Michelle Wilber Staff Geologist Reviewed By: Hattenburg Dilley & Linnell Lorie M. Dilley, PE/CPG Principal Geologist H URGDIL L April 2007 Page 15 a� Engineer rn Consu'tants Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Economides, M.J., Economides, C.E., Kunza, J.F., and Lofgren, B.E. (1982) A fieldwide reservoir engineering analysis of the Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, geothermal reservoir. Proceedings, 8`h Workshop in Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Forbes R.B., Wescott, G., Turner, D.L., Kienle, J. (1979) A Geological and Geophysical Assessment of the Geothermal Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Unpublished preliminary report to Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development and U.S. Department of Energy Forbes, R.B., Gedney, L., Van Wormer, D., and Hook, J. (1975) A geophysical reconnaissance of the Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Geophysical Institute Report UAG- R231. Hanse, Cedric Nathanael. (2005) Factors Affecting Costs of Geothermal Power Development. Geothermal Energy Association. Kirkwood, P. (1979) Status of Pilgrim Springs: Topical Report — Energy Systems, Inc. prepared for U.S. Department of Energy. Kline, J.T. (1981) Surficial Geology of the Lower Pilgrim River Valley and Vicinity, Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Alaska Open File Report AOF-140 Lofgren, B.E. (1983) Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation - Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Unpublished report of Alaska, Woodward -Clyde Consultants to Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development. Rafferty, Kevin (2000) Geothermal Power Generation, a primer on Low -Temperature, Small -Scale Applications: Fact Sheet by Department of Energy Geo -Heat Center. Wescott, E., and Turner, D.L. (1981) Geothermal reconnaissance survey of the central Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG-R284. H�riF'J80RD DILLEY 8 LINNELI. April 2007 Page 16 � P . E ,�:.�e-�� eon:.I.n;� Table 1: Confirmation Program Components and Unit Costs Method Unit Cost per unit For 500 ft For 5000 ft $ dee /90°C dee /150°C Administration project 7.5 % of total 0.2 M$ 0.3 M$ confirmation costs Drilling : Full diameter hole foot Cost = 0.3 M$/Well 1.8 M$/Well 240,000 + 210 (depth in feet) +0.019069 z (depth) Drilling : Hole productivity 'F MW/Well = 0.4 MW/well 2.5 MW/well reservoir Temp. (F)/50 —3.5 Drilling : Unsuccessful hole % 40% 5 wells 2 wells factor needed* =1.5 needed* =3.6 M$ M$ Other project 20,000 0.02 M$ 0.02 M$ Regulatory Compliance project 5 % of drilling 0.08 M$ 0.2 M$ (includes permitting and environmental compliance) Reporting document: project 5 % of drilling 0.08 m$ 0.2 M$ (data integration/analysis/modeling) Well Test: Full diameter hole, well 70,000 0.2 M$ 0.07 M$ 3-10 days Well Test: Multi -well field test, project 100,000 0.1 M$ 0.1 M$ 15-30 days Source: GeothermEx, "New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification" (Table IV - 1),2004. * Number of wells needed to confirm 25% of the production capacity, which in our case is 25% of 5 MW = 1.25 MW. Note that in the case of the deep, 5000 ft resource, one successful well at 2.5 MW/well will confirm 50% of the capacity as modeled in this paper. Table 2: Summary of Alternatives Alt Temp Depth # of Wells Flow Rate # Generators Costs M$ 1 195 OF 500 Feet 13-20 6,000 gpm 25 UTC @ 200 kW 48-92 90 °C + 4 reinjection 5 UTC @ 1 MW 2 300 OF 5,000 Feet 2 - 3 1,750 gpm - 5 UTC @I MW 54-103 150 °C production 2,400 gpm 1 reinjection 3 300 OF 5,000 Feet 2 - 3 1,750 gpm - 1 Binary @ 5 MW 64-116 150 °C production 2,400 gpm 1 reinjection gpm: gallons per minute: M kilowatt, MW: megawatt PROJECT Arctic Ocean Bc LOCATION J t Bethel Bering Sea Dillingham b a Pacific Ocean LOCATION MAP _—__ _ARCTIC CIRCL penberg - f. I _ _16 vidlgp,ISingaak __-- t_ IC:apc 14enberg � f L .s/S/� sAlHgre tkii •I.L-w Bn l5 1 hisharmarfrry(*�' y�e DfvIL MrN•798r � e uW" t j Bf-ktNG 1 � ���,• ��rf0aye _ - . Cp Sl Cflt i ANDnKnxa:1 Goodhopc t t _ II Littic lkpeko 1:, EAR MTN �J�S _ PRt'.SERVI' r S. Diomede Mitlefukeruk - I Serpentine t4a.es11 U Mugisitoki I 1672 p Not Springs Fink iCreekl. �InaIlk d . 2640---- Cntlonurood I CapCf f - Ra,u re..tt�o,.ur� ,1i11uluk a Prince of 1V ales' t ti I les Shelter k r�iaylor W,bs t Tln Citq('Sl, rs ul•: BROOKS MTN ) j 1571 7'',- Is twit"Cl 2898 YorkIOFtK +rsr., 1A/ Mrs S S r Vt/ Cape York wkm t' !!G T'g Fb ty toot /1 D tcu t►,,, N. t is Io�.:.Li'1�. ��Kjy�� ,r:.;ir; ' `i. I a �'Mc �_ tt waerrrc Rrevi3h{I+sipn a t,.el — nt s C"C" w•yt r Dahl orVal, .s „ (t ACC"GI c y. Brakes Bottom Clarence 7.1 cu,.hd e . M1 0 yids uy , ourgarok 'N E ESEN�' KUGLUAIKFAULT' �t Bunkerllitt ' • ,+ ICeu 191� THIS PROJECT+ I,Sullivan CamL'HO4f c it rain Springs 1, King lu' Cape Douglas ,K awt7NTnl .,',rf Ukivok `j(IGLUf� 47!4•MT �rmr-Lreek e.F- ~• Sinyiyya�,�� - BERING Ca1Je Rodney. SEA Sinuk\-:, A\I.VN'R Sledge I k1,L1md ,s1,1wru1 htn C.nic McLam h+r+nxul Mu—) \"CLPV IVOm Safety , ""`1Golovin, Rocky PtMisslon ,N.'ImWu AREA LOCATION MAP HATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM SPRINGS L Engineering Consultants VICINITY MAP • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE: 4/18/07 DRAWN BY: MMHN SHEET: (907)564-2120 SCALE CHECKED BY: JOB NO. • PLANNING w .hdlalaska.com NONE LMD FIGURE 1A 07-301 HATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM SPRINGS Engineering Consultants VICINITY MAP - SURROUNDING TOPOGRAPHY • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE: 4/18/07 WN BY: MMw SHEET: FIGURE 1 B (907) 5642120 DRA SCALE: CHECKED BY: JOB NO.: • PLANNING www.hdlalaska.com 1 = XX'LMD 07-30 1 • PILGRIM pilgirn Wins MP d rhijrrh I m Spa EXPLANATION (1) Well Location 49 Lake PP adW&ROIIIIIIIII mrigmm V%j m FARWM 01 After Woodward - Clyde 1983 Report L-ff-qW-1 HATTFNBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM SPRINGS LT-jLmj@j6mj Engineering Consultants SITE MAP • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE: 12-01-01 DRAWN BY: MmW SHEET: FIGURE 2 (907) 564-2120 SCALE CHECKED BY: JOB NO.: • PLANNING www.hdialaska.com 1 XX' LMD 07-301 Alaska Energy Authority Preliminary Feasibility Study HDL 07-301 Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska f Pilgrim Hot Springs. Catholic Church built 1918-1920 and Mission grounds. View facing mostly north. The 7-1/2 mile access road from Road Marker 53 of the Nome -Taylor Road. DillEYBItNNEtI April 2007 FIGURE 3�NaTTENBUAG N:\jobs\07-301 Pegram Springs Ass essment\CAO ATo.in9s\07-301_FO4, 1-200, 04/06/07 0l 13:49 by unknown LAYOUTFIGURE 4 NATTENSURG DILLEY 8 LINNELL {e PILGRIM SPRINGS Engineering Conauilen to �1I� �rampp p b iT ! ENOiNEEnING NOT FOR E m ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY EAATN aCIENCE OONSTR)C PROTECT MAN..eEMEN. PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA xwNwNc irl ss..T'T0 .,.. .rw.om O 0 a t � ' 'a <u: 7 s aaR+ �y 1 efi• c> E I 1 I[ A 1 1 a i E I 1 q oil itII I / yell EI 1IN I/ 1 NATTENSURG DILLEY 8 LINNELL {e PILGRIM SPRINGS Engineering Conauilen to �1I� �rampp p b iT ! ENOiNEEnING NOT FOR E m ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY EAATN aCIENCE OONSTR)C PROTECT MAN..eEMEN. PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA xwNwNc irl ss..T'T0 .,.. .rw.om 1 s 3annld co co m Z M M O I 6dl�spuol—angoNlwosoyso!o—dow-mmmll.d»y (valawolil pg •xaddy) saliw OS ale:, - - -- iV� ( SUIC�C�2�S m1 elO W^PS of papa"Z eaeJmgns auenoPu. `I i X iJeynsq�( suo7 oa6�IN iagwaw of PaPaaP n 'pod +Io uoq¢naiz :6¢e•n Pi paW aP axynsgns aoepnsgns -t-IFA - r" a' 10�1>1l'll'. Lln ugiPalas aiq an9eu of gns aq.f¢w .... leK Aal 1'!10 r Sq Da6euery Sin o,.w .11-W se pepa:p 14a be q_ pue • 'AISS Napevn, trs a6e/r�oi..,r .rr iry—1.v peAad,,):u m 6116{-NOLIVONYONO3Ntl M31dYNJ (2NS8)NOLLYMOdMO37YNOlO3M - Paluated io P_,dde AJ_wluat Wel -lets - 7 6561 - pY POPWI¢IS e;lsery .. I - -said to WN a6pu8 puel 6wag a wa A %ped I¢uo�RN �SONY77Yd303i OtS9 Lq aaeunsq- 9 ad•tns Pa,( 3. P.OI Dipa Ieu0e6atf 1¢I IY' 1t oas JNSB of ap¢p_W ONY31Y1S r� , 1 a, ". .. . LIOLLIOIGS G Uel`i / • rjf /J LLI113 / 1 _• 1 f �..,J � � a / _ 'weyms-Bella tq'Lt lo!We (¢)ZL "s OIJS3 of a0epnsgn a6e1rn of aaepre ONSB Fq 1LION Uoyedollead lglZL»efllpA lq P IP, dlerZ! -S Oh58 0, axyresgns e6ella it axyns zPuz7 palua{¢d w DaFawoO wgaNl - _ IL6!-tJY1N3Yl3lLL3S SYJIV7O 3N1YN YlISY7Y 3N1 NonoymL 031Y3dl SONY739rnm ONY 7YNOlo3d IMI -+j I 'I� 1 es(seld _ easy s11riIS 6mlog - ." ' •1JJCUI:IS'liS J H:\jobs\07-301 Pilgrim Springs Assessme1t\CAD\07-301—FQ6, 1=200, 04/18/07 of 1552 by mm- LAYOU7. FIGURE 6 HATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL Engineering Consultants • ENGINEERING • EARTH SCIENCE • PROJECT MANAGEMENT • PLANNING DATE (907)564-2120 SCALE: www.hdlalaskaxom PILGRIM SPRINGS UTC GENERATOR PHOTO ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORfTY PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA 4/18/07 DRAWN BY: MMHN I SHEET: NONE CHECKED BY: LMD JOB NO.: FIGURE 6 07-301 H.\job5\07-301 P;19,im Springs Assessment\CAD\07-301—FO7, 1=200, 04/18/07 al 15:58 by —h. LAYOUT: FIGURE 7 HATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL Engineering Consultants • ENGINEERING • EARTH SCIENCE • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE: (907)564-2120 SCALE: PLANNING w w.hdlalaska.com PILGRIM SPRINGS DRILLING COSTS ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA 4/18/07 DRAWN BY: MMHN SHEET NONE CHECKED BY LMD JOB No FIGURE 7 07-301 APPENDIX A Model Schematics and Order of Magnitude Cost Estimates 60 MILES OF TRANSMISSION LINE NOME -TAYLOR HIGHWAY -65 MILES 8 MILES OF 4 -WHEEL ROAD 5 MW UTC GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT 2000 FT PIPING ( I) 90'C / ( I ) U 13 - 20 PRODUCTIONWELLS + -4 REINJECTION WELLS TO 500 FT. PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS NOME ORDER OF MAGNITUDE COSTS: EXPLORATION AND CONFIRMATION 7-14M$ SITE DEVELOPMENT 4-6M$ DRILLING 4-8M$ PIPING 1-2M$ TRANSMISSION LINE 20-45M$ 5 MW PLANT 12-17M$ TOTAL 48-92M$ LHHATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS ASSESSMENT Engineering Consultants ALTERNATIVE 1: SHALLOW SOURCE/UTC POWER PLANT • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE NOME, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE. 3_02_07 DRAWN BY: MMw SHEET: FIGURE Al (907)564-2120 SCALE: CHECKED BY. JOB NO.: • PLANNING www.hdlalaska.com 1 = XX" LMD 07-301 60 MILES OF TRANSMISSION LINE NOME -TAYLOR HIGHWAY -65 MILES 8 MILES OF 4 -WHEEL ROAD 5 MW UTC GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT 2000 FT PIPING � 'j 150'C( ' 1 U 2-3 PRODUCTION WELLS + 1 REINJECTION WELL TO 5,000 FT. PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS NOME ORDER OF MAGNITUDE COSTS: EXPLORATION AND CONFIRMATION 11-22M$ SITE DEVELOPMENT 4-6M$ DRILLING 6-11 M$ PIPING 1 -2M$ TRANSMISSION LINE 20-45M$ 5 MW PLANT 12-17M$ TOTAL 54-103M$ HATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS ASSESSMENT Engineering Consultants ALTERNATIVE 2: DEEP SOURCE/UTC POWER PLANT • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE NOME, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE. 3_02_07 DRAWN BY: MMW SHEET: FIGURE A2 (907)564-2120SCALE: CHECKED BY. JOB N0.' • PLANNING w _hdlalaska.com = XX' LMD 07-30 60 MILES OF TRANSMISSION LINE NOME -TAYLOR HIGHWAY -65 MILES 8 MILES OF 4 -WHEEL ROAD 5 MW BINARY GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT ^-2000 FT PIPING I ) 150'0 I LLJ U 2-3 PRODUCTION WELLS + 1 REINJECTION WELL TO 5,000 FT. PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS NOME ORDER OF MAGNITUDE COSTS: EXPLORATION AND CONFIRMATION 11-22M$ SITE DEVELOPMENT 4-6M$ DRILLING 6-11 M$ PIPING 1-2M$ TRANSMISSION LINE 20-45M$ 5 MW PLANT 23-3OM$ TOTAL 64-116M$ HHATTENBURG DILLEY & LINNELL PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS ASSESSMENT Engineering Consultants ALTERNATIVE 3: DEEP SOURCE/BINARY POWER PLANT • ENGINEERING ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY • EARTH SCIENCE NOME, ALASKA • PROJECT MANAGEMENT DATE: 3-02-07 DRAWN BY: MMW SHEET: FIGURE A3 (907)564-2120 SCALE'. CHECKED BY: JOB NO.: • PLANNING www.hdlalaska.com 7 = XX" LMD 07-307 Prooaadings Eighth Workshop Caothersal lusrvoir Enginaaring Stanford Dniveraity, Stanford, California, Dacambar 1982 SCP -TR -60 A PIELDWIDE RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF THE PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASSA, GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR Michael J. Economidesl, Christine A. Ehlig Economidesl Jay F. Kunze2, Ben Lofgren3 1University of Alaska, 2 Energy Services Inc.,3Woodward-Clyde Consultants INTRODUCTION In an attempt to identify the geothermal potential of the Pilgrim Springs aiea in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, exploratory drilling was undertaken in the Summer of 1982. A total of four wells were drilled through a State appropriation. The Division of Energy and Power Development acted as the Project Manager while Woodward -Clyde Consultants were selected as the principal contractor. Two other shallow wells were drilled in 1979. The six walls were completed at various depths ranging from approximately 70 ft to 1000 ft. The drilling activity followed an extensive geological and geophysical assessment done by Forbes et al. (1979), Turner and Forbes (1980) and Wescott and Turner (1981). Their work indicated the existence of an extensive, liquid dominated, shallow geothermal reservoir in the area. The shallow reservoir, confirmed by the 1979 drilling, Ye delineated within a 1 to 1.5 km area, bounded by permafrost at least 350 ft thick. The results of the 1979 drilling were presented by Kline (1981). Table 1 is a summary of the well completion data. Figure 1 shows the well locations. Wells PSI and PS2 were drilled to 150 ft. Air -lifted flowrate was estimated at 200 GPM and 350 GPM, respectively, with a flowing wellhead temperature of 910C. The wells were then filled with mud and cemented until 1982 when they were reopened. The mud settled at 105 ft in both wells, making them inaccessible below that depth. They were perforated using shape charges at the interval 70-100 ft (PSI) and 60-90 ft (PS2). The unaided flowrate never exceeded 30 GPM in PSI and 65 GPM in PS2. The first well, drilled in 1982 was PS3 at a total depth of 260 ft. A 3 - -25- inch slotted liner was installed between 155 and 255 ft. The completed interval produced 60 GPM at over 650C. Wells PS4 and PS5 were attempts towards an intermediate depth. They were drilled to 881 ft and 1001 ft respectively. Well PS4 is an open hole completion from 186 ft and below. A flowrate of 100 GPM and a wellhead temperature of 460C were recorded. Well PS5 was completed below 540 ft with a 3" slotted liner. This interval presented siginificant problems during. drilling. The formations encountered were often very hard materials. The total flowrate in Well PS5 was only 10 GPM, with a temperature of 350C. A sixth well, MI1, was drilled in land owned by Mary's Igloo. It was completed between 227 and 307 ft using 3" slotted liner. The flowrate was 120 GPM at 25oC. The successively lower flowing temperatures observed in the deeper completions were later explained by the data from temperature versus depth surveys. Interpretation of the temperature surveys will be discussed in detail in this article. REGIONAL GEOLOGY The thermal activity at Pilgrim Springs is located in the Pilgrim River Valley, a tectonic depression (graben) bounded by Precambrian amphibolites and Mesozoic plutons. In some areas it is overlain and overthrust by Paleozoic carbonates. Potassium -Argon dating done by Turner and Swanson (1981) indicated a cooling age of 84 m.y. suggesting igneous intrusive activity in mid -Cretaceous time. Gravity surveys conducted in the region by Kienle and Lockhart (1980) suggest that Pilgrim Springs is near the intersection of two possible fault zones which form the corner of a Figure 1. Drill Sites in the Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Reservoir downdropped basement block. Other faults in the area have been verified by seismic data and geologic mapping, and one or more of these faults could provide a deep conduit for the geothermal anomaly. The possible existance of a major rift system is of significance for the regional geothermal potential. A helium survey was conducted to test this rift model, and nine out of eleven helium anomalies occur near the proposed rift segments and suggest abnormally high heat flow in these -26- areas. Furthermore, extensive basaltic fields north of Pilgrim Springs area have been interpreted as resulting from eruption in a zone of crustal weakness produced by the general north -south extension (Turner and Swanson, 1981). The amount of separation along this proposed rift is less than the widths of the Quaternary depressions which have probably been enlarged by normal faulting and marginal subsidence, along with rifting. Potassium -argon dating indicates that volcanism which �v Table 1 WELL -COMPLETION SUMMARY, PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA Well Drilling Drilled Remarks Date Depth PS -1 Fall'79 150 Cemented from 1979-1982. Perforated in 1982 1982 between 60-90 ft. PS -2 Fall'79 150 Cemented from 1979-1982. Perforated in 1982 between 70-100 ft. PS -3 Sum. 82 260 Static head 12 ft. above land surface. Artesian flow- 60 GPM Ps -4 Sum.'82 881 76 feet of drill stem stuck in bottom. Static Head -12 ft. Latest artesian flow - 250 GPM at 1140F. PS -5 Sum. 82 1001 Latest artesian flow -10 GPM at 98oF MI -1 Sum. 82 307 Static head - 11 ft. above land surface. Latest artesian flow --100 GPM at 78OF very soft, sweet Figure 2. Temperature Versus Depth Profiles of the Pilgrim Springs Wells -27- was assoc_i_ated with -rifting began in the Upper Miocene (Turner and Swanson, 1981). Finally, a permafrfst boundary, enclosing a 1 to 1.5 kmarea has been identified. The thickness of the Permafrost is over 350 ft. TEMPERATURE DATA INTERPRETATION Previous temperature data were limited to shallow depth, (4.5 meters) by Wescott and Turner (1981), soil Helium surveys by Turner and Forbes (1980), and geothermometry by Motyka at al. (1980) Motyka's estimate for the source water temperature using Na- K–Ca as the temperature indicator was 150°C t 100C. The data of Wescott and Turner indicated a regional geothermal anomaly and suggested that the well sites chosen for PS3, PS4 and PS5 were likely locations for the source fluid. The temperature data for this study were taken from temperature versus depth data recorded in the wells drilled in the Pilgrims Springs region. Two months after completion of the last well, temperature surveys were run in all six wells. The temperature versus depth profiles for all wells were identical in shape, as shown in SURFACE I TEMPERATURE ISHALLOW RESERVOIR I I I WELL A I WELL 8 I I I I GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS I I SOURCE I I I I I TEMPERATURE —150• C I SOURCE DEPTH I 1 1300M TEMPERATURE Figure 3. Conceptual Representation of the Shallow and Deep Reservoirs at Pilgrim Springs. -28- Fig. 2. All showed a trend toward a maximum temperature at depths from 40 to 100 feet, followed by a sharp decrease in temperature with depth from 100 to 250 ft, followed by a constant geothermal gradient ranging from 1.8°C to 2.19C per 100 ft that was recorded down to 900 ft in the deepest well. The two wells, drilled deep enough to determine the geothermal gradient at depth (PS4 and PS5) show temperature trends that would intersect at about 1550C at a depth of 4875 ft. Hence, the geothermometer temperature estimate of 1500C is corroborated by the latest findings. In addition, and more importantly, the data suggest that all of the wells overlay the source reservoir at the 4875 ft depth. Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the temperature versus depth profile that would be expected at a well (A) near the source from depth of the hot water flowing in the shallow zone. Well B, further away from the source, shows a lower maximum temperature in the shallow zone which grades to a lower temperature at the base of the shallow temperature anomaly and results in a higher geothermal gradient to reach the source temperature at depth. The shallow temperature anomaly observed in all the - wells suggests that somewhere in the immediate region, water from the hot source at depth is flowing upwards through a fissure or fault which extends vertically from a depth of about 50 feet to the 4875 foot depth identified as the source depth. Aerial variations in the maximum recorded temperature for the six wells are contoured in Figure 4. These data suggest that the hot source fluid enters the shallow formation at some point to the north of the six well sites. The fluid then flows radially and laterally away from the fissure source towards springs such as the Pilgrim Springs or perhaps in the surrounding stream beds, thus creating a steady state flow pattern for the shallow hot water zone. Locating the hot water source for the shallow zone is relatively unimportant, since the fluid at depth provides a high temperature source formation extending aerially at least as far as the total area drilled. The temperature data provide a most compelling justification for deeper drilling in the area. SHALLOW FORMATION PROPERTIES Core samples were taken from the 87 to 95 foot depth interval in Well PS4. Three plugs were taken and analyzed for porosity and permeability. The uppermost sample was a large -grained, poorly cemented, primarily quartz sandstone with a porosity of 401 and air permeability in excess of 4 Darcys. This sample is believed to be representative of the shallow hot water zone. The middle sample was a fine grained, well cemented, quartz sandstone with a porosity of 2B1 and exceptionally low permeability. The deepest sample was a loose conglomerate with a porosity of 24%. The permeability of this sample could not be determined. The middle sample could represent the impermeable base for the shallow hot water zone. f 0 100 20Um N ® 1982 WELLS 6 1979 WELLS w / i/CHURCI 100 / 90 PS -1 & 80 ' �_100—�'�PS-2 PS -3 ®PS- \� BO h ® PS -5 i 70 _ PILGRIM SPRINGS (1 - E Data from an interference I well test are shown in Table 2 Shut-in pressures we re Figure 4. Temperature Contours in the Shallow Reservoir. recorded in PS2 while PSI was flowing at a rate of 30-35 GPM. A log -log graph of the drawdown pressures in Well PS2 versus time was analyzed by type curve matching with the line source solution, as shown in Fig. 5. From the pressure match, the permeability Table 2 is estimated at 4.5 Darcys. The time match gives a porositylomprey ibility Pressure Interference Data Between product of 5.4 R 10 psi- , whic� Wells PSI and PS2 results in an estimate of 14 R 10 psi- for the compressibility, if the porosity is assumed to be 401. The PSI (flowing), q - 30-35 GPM results of the interference test agree with the core analysis data from Well PS2 (wellhead pressures recorded) PS4 and suggest that the shallow hot water zone has similar properties Time(min) pYpsig) Time(min) si throughout the region of the six wells. 0 3.5 20 1.6 8 2.9 22 1.5 CONCLUSIONS 12 2.4 24 1.3 14 2.3 27 1.1 The wells drilled in the region of 16 2.1 29 1.0 the geothermal anomaly near Pilgrim 17 2.0 30 0.9 Springs provide considerable insight 18 1.9 31 0.8 into the general characteristics of the geotherml system. Previous work, Distance between wells - 269 ft including resistivity studies and Water viscosity - 1 cp geothermometry are corroborated by the Reservoir porosity 401 temperature profiles observed in the Reservoir thickness - 60 ft six wells. The existence of a hot -29- IC 1.0 ; A a � n i 10� / / / / / i / i 1 LO t0 100 t (minutes) 10=I L 10 1.0 10 Figure 5. Type -Curve Matching of the Pressure Interference Data Between Wells PSI and PS2. water zone of about 1500C and at a depth of around 5000 ft is now virtually certain. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the State of Alaska through its Department of Energy and Power Development for funding to do this study and to present our findings. We also wish to acknowledge the effects of Mr. Paul Chamberlin to keep an accurate record of all the tests run and the data taken during drilling and completion of the new wells. REFERENCES Forbes, R.S., Wescott, E.H., Turner, D.L., Kienle, J . , Ostercamp, T., Hawkins, D.B.,Kline, J.T., Swanson, S., Reger, R.D. and Harrison, W.: "A Geological and Geophysical Aasesswent of the Geothermal Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska', Geophysical Institute, UAF and Alaska D.G.G.S. Preliminary, .Rept., 39 pp., 1979. Kienle, J. and Lockhart. A. in Turner, D.L. and Forbes, R.B. (Edo), 1980. Kline, J.T.: "Surficial Geology of•the Lower Pilgrim Valley and Vicinity, Western Seward Peninsula Alaska", Alaska D.G.G.S., AOF-1 0, 1981. -30- Motyka, R., Moorman, M. and Forbes, R.B. in Turner, D.L. and Forbes, R.B. (Edo), 1980. Turner, D.L. and Forbes, R.B. (Edo): "A Geological and Geouhysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska", Geophysical Institute, UAF, Report UAG R-271, 166 pp., 1980. Turner, D.L. and Swanson, S.E. in Wescott, E.M. and Turner, D.L. (Edo), 1981. Turner, D.L. (and 13 other authors): "Summary of Results of a Geological and Geophysical Investigation of the Geothermal Energy Potential of the Pilgrim Springs KGRA, Alaska," Geothermal Resources Council, Trans. v.4, pp. 93-95, 1980. Wescott, E.M. and Turner, D.L. (Ede): "Geothermal Reconnaissance Survey of the Central Seward Peninsula Alaska", sop ysica Institute, UAF, Report UAG. R-284, 123 pp., 1981. Initial estimated total funding for this award is listed at $10,000,000 in FY'2009; with additional anticipated funds of $25,000,000 in FY'2010 and FY'2011, subject to change and Congressional appropriations. Domestic applicants are eligible to apply including institutions of higher education, non- profit entities (as described in section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986), for-profit private entities, State/Local Governments, and Indian tribes. DOE and non -DOE Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs), National Laboratories, and federal agencies will be allowed only as subrecipients to any of the previously mentioned entities. Foreign participants will be allowed as subrecipients only to a domestic applicant. DOE is seeking advanced technology to address key aspects of engineered reservoir creation, management, and utilization identified in the GTP Multi -Year Research, Development, and Demonstration (MYRDD) plan. Projects are sought to develop innovative technology for cost-effective creation, management, and utilization of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) in reservoir environments. Projects will be evaluated based on their ability to advance technology toward ultimate, specific target specifications to drive market development of EGS. Teaming between academia, industry, and National Laboratories/Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) is encouraged. For a complete description and important information regarding this FOA, visit https://e- center.doe.gov/iips/faopor.nsP8373d2tc6d83b66685256452007963f5/026b964d7 3bOb8b88525756ID05dec 2a?OpenDocument. For a PDF of the full FOA, visit https://c- center.doe.eov/iips/faopor.nst7UNI[3/026B964D73BOB8B88525756FO05DEC2:N' file/Announcement DE -PS36-09GO99018.pd f. Employment: Geothermal Project Supervisor, Central American Bank for Economic Integration, Costa Rica . The Central American Bank for Economic Integration (Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economica, BCIE) is looking for an expert in geothermal energy to supervise a project in Costa Rica. It is called Las Pailas and it is financed through BCIE. Contact: Ana Karina Rubi de Reyes, Oficial de Consultorias, BCIE-Tegucigalpa, Honduras Tel. +504-240-2243, Ext. 5214 Fax. +504-240-2228 Visit the BCIE Web site, www.bcie.orc - www.cabei.or�� Frontier Development Opportunity, Pilgrim Hot Springs, AK (March 25) zoo'F Pilgrim Hot Springs, Alaska: A Frontier Development Opportunity Introduction - Pilgrim Hot Springs (Pilgrim) is a verdant 320 acre enclave of fee land owned by Catholic Bishop of Northern Alaska (CBNA) and located in western Alaska, about 46 miles (75 km) north of Nome. CBNA, which is in Chapter 11 reorganization proceedings under supervision of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court, will make Pilgrim available to a financially and technically qualified entity to explore, characterize, and develop the geothermal resources underlying the property. " Geothermal Exploration — In 1979 and 1982, State entities mapped the surface r. `. and bedrock, and conducted helium, mercury, gravity, seismic refraction, and electrical resistivity surveys, and undertook geochemical sampling and analyses. ri= They also drilled and logged 8 test wells. The studies found: 'e 10 �� %iff?-�/.+ (�/'�_ ,fit✓F-�;' �/ ��S s �c il�� eJ�,� (�. 6' . U • 1979 surface thermal spring discharge was about 67 gpm of alkali -chloride water at a temperature of about 1787 (81 °C). • Preliminary Na -K -Ca geothermometry suggests that a deep underlying geothermal reservoir may be as hot as 302°F (150°C) • Springs likely located near intersection of two orthogonal fault zones that form a corner of a graben. • Gravity studies suggest that bedrock is 1,500 feet (458 m) below property. • Resistivity studies suggest Pilgrim Spring reservoir is pancake shaped and about 160 ft. (50 m) thick over a — 0.58 sq. mi. (1.5 sq. km.) thawed area. • Artesian aquifers encountered in a 66-100 ft. (20-30m.) depth interval with flow rates estimated at 200 and 300-400 gpm respectively, at a temperature of 194T (90°C). • In 1982, 6 new wells produced artesian flows of 30 to 250 gpm with about 6 ft. (1.8 m.) of head. Maximum temperature was 194T (90°C). • The thermal gradient in the two deepest wells was —4.0°F per 100 ft. suggesting that 3027 (150°C) might be reached at depth of about 4,800 feet (1,463 m). Studies did not determine location and nature of upflow zone or location, depth, and nature of possible "deep" hot reservoir. Market Comments — Nome currently requires 5 MW power at a cost of approximately $0.35 per kwh for residential customers. Using a modern (UTC -type) binary power cycle generation, Pilgrim could be a viable power supplier. Power transmission to Nome must be considered in determining economic viability. Development Rights — CBNA will consider plans from potential developers that optimize use of the geothermal resource at Pilgrim Hot Springs and maximize revenue to CBNA. Contact Tom Buzek, 907- 374-9528 (tom@cbna.org) by March 25, 2009. DOE Multi -Year Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan Published The Department of Energy has published its new multi-year plan for research. The Geothermal Technologies Program (GTP) Multi -Year Research, Development and Demonstration (MYRDD) Plan describes the planned research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities for geothermal technologies through 2015, with additional information on potential program activities through 2025. This is the first publishing of this document in draft form and represents months of planning, including peer reviews and comprehensive internal analysis and evaluation. On this page you will find links to the full document as well as to a comments form. The MYRDD reflects GTP's focus on advancing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) technologies and its commitment, in partnership with geothermal energy developers, to demonstrate by 2015 that EGS is technically feasible. The MYRDD Plan describes in detail GTP's activities over the next seven years to achieve this goal and it projects longer-term RD&D activities based upon several EGS development scenarios. The MYRDD Plan and a form for comments are available at http://wwwI .eere.energy. Dov/geothermal/plan s. html. California Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources Offices Furloughed Effective February 6, California Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources offices will be closed on the first and third Friday of each month. Please call 916-322-1110 (Northern California including Mono County) or 714-816-6847 (Southern California) for on -demand field tests or emergencies. They apologize for any inconvenience this may cause. m 03/24/2007 17:47 9706663074 GEOTHERMAD,1AHAGEMETC PAGE 02 SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF GEOTHERMAL CONDITIONS AT KWINIUK AND PILGRIM HOT SPRINGS AND BENEATH KOTZEBUE, ALASKA NOTES FROM A 24-28 OCTOBER 2002 RECONNAISANCE TRIP TO THE REGION By Gerald W. Huttrer Geothermal Management Company, Inc. P.D. Box 2425, Frisco, CO 80443 For National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Contract ECE-2-3207841 October 31, 2002 Introduction Between the dates of October 24 and 28, 2002, Gerald Huttrer, President of Geothermal Management Company, Inc. (GMC) traveled from Colorado to the Nome, Elim and Kotzebue regions in western Alaska. Mr. Huttrer was accompanied by Mr. Dennis Meiners of A1DEA/AEA in Nome and Elim part of the trip but he traveled alone to Kotzebue. The purpose of the trip was to assess the potential for geothermal development at Quiniuk Hot Springs near Elim, at Pilgrim Hot Springs north of Nome, and beneath the town of Kotzebue. Special thanks are due to Luther Nagaruk, Elim Town Clerk, for arranging guide service and FWD vehicles with which to get to Kwiniuk, John Handeland of Nome for driving us to Pilgrim Springs, to Louis Green, the Pilgrim Springs caretaker, for guiding us around the geothermal wells at Pilgrim, and to Brad Reeve, Director of Kotzebue Electric Association, who totally facilitated the investigations at Kotzebue. Presented below are summary descriptions of the geothermal status at each of the areas examined together with conclusions and recommendations regarding their development potential. Elim and Kwiniuk Hot Sprinas Elim is located 110 miles east of Nome on the shore of Norton Sound, an arm of the Bering Sea. Flight time from Nome via air taxi is about 1 hour; there are no roads into Elim. The population of Elim is about 309, virtually all natives. Their electricity is provided by a locally owned utility that runs three diesels capable of generating 585 kW. '03/24/2007 17:47 9706623A74 GEOTHERMALMAHAGEMETC PAGE 03 Luther Nagaruk, the village clerk, is interested in alternative energy and has personally investigated the potential, for use in Elim, of wind, geothermal and hydo resources. The only hot spring reasonably close to Elim is Kwiniuk. It is situated about 0.25 miles north of the Kwiniuk River, about 8 air -miles northwest of the village but about 15 miles (1.5 hours) via a moderately used, rough four-wheel-drive track. The thermal springs flow from colluvium mantling intercalated meta -sedimentary rocks and quartz monzonite of the Derby pluton. The measured water temperature is 37°C (990F), the pH is —6.5 and the flow rate was estimated to be 4-6 GPM (64-96 L/m). There is some gas ebullition, probably CO2, and a faint sulfur smell. The water was very clear with green algae lining the bottom of a shallow pool. There was no sign of carbonate scaling in the pool or on plastic pipes emanating from the pool. The latter were, at one time, installed to conduct hot waters to a small cabin near the spring. Unfortunately, in mid -winter, when temperatures reach —40°C (40T), the waters cooled too much to be of use for heating despite flowing through a 2 inch plastic pipe covered by 4 inches of foam all enclosed within a corrugated metal pipe. There is no evidence at the site suggesting that this resource will be much hotter at depth than it is at the surface. The SiO2 content is only 34 mg/1 and there is no alteration or epithermal mineralization near the spring. It is likely that this spring issues from fractures in the Derby pluton near its contact with metamorphic bed rock and that the heat is derived primarily from circulation of ground waters to significant depths along these fractures. Unfortunately, this spring is too cool, too small and too remote to be of any use to the residents of Elim except for balneology. Some exploration could be conducted to seek more fracture systems, but $250,000 could easily be spent on geoscientific studies without finding more evidence of a hotter resource. Drilling, should it be considered, would cost a great deal as a helicopter, at $650/hr., would be required to get a rig in place. Accordingly, further consideration of geothermal development at Kwiniuk springs is not recommended. Pilerim Springs Pilgrim Hot Springs is located 53 miles north-northeast of Nome. It can be reached via the well-maintained Taylor Road, then by branching off onto a moderately well graded, second class road about 7 miles long that leads west and north to the vicinity of the upper Pilgrim River. Pilgrim Springs have been utilized since the early 1900's by local natives and by the Catholic Church. An orphanage was constructed, as were vegetable gardens and spa facilities. Currently, there remain the church building, the orphanage bunkhouse, several small cabins in various states of disrepair and one elevated hot tub. Louis Green, of Nome is the caretaker who grew up near the springs and who now periodically visits -03/24/2007 17:47 9706683074 GEOTHERMALMAHAGEMETC PAGE 04 the site and stays for several days at a time in his family's old house. The current owner of the property lease (from the church), on behalf of Pilgrim Springs Corporation, Inc., is Mr. Arthur Neuman, an Alaskan attorney now living in Washington, DC. At the site of the original springs, six wells were drilled in search of geothermal resources. The work. was done in 1979 and in 1982 using Alaska State funds. The wells penetrated a thermal aquifer containing waters with temperatures that range from 87°C (188°F) to 46°C (110°F) to 14°C (57°F) in wells PS #1, 44 and #3 respectively; the pHs measured in these wells were 6.6, 6.0, and 5.5 respectively and their respective flow rates were estimated at 12, 20 and 30 GPM (192, 320 and 48 L/m). Wells designated PS #2, MS #5 and MI —1 (Mary's Igloo — 1) were capped. The wellheads were all severely rusted and showed signs of acid degradation. Calcite scale was fairly thick on the wellheads and on attached pipes. The hot tub was floored by green algae and the stream of 46°C (114T) water piped into it was under an artesian head of 7 feet. It appears as if Pilgrim Springs are located along a major east striking regional structure that controls, from northwest to southeast, the northern shore of Grantly .Harbor, the Imuruk Basin, the course of the upper Pilgrim River, the pass between the Bendeleben and Kigluaik mountains, the course of the Niukluk River and the shape of the northeastern shore of Golovin Bay. It is likely that this structure comprises numerous sub -parallel, well developed faults and that at least one of them is a source for the Pilgrim Springs thermal waters. Examination of the geomorphology of the region suggests that there is also a north-northeast trending structural grain. It seem quite likely therefore, that Pilgrim Springs may rise at or near an intersection of these orthogonal fracture systems. The results of exploration drilling revealed that a highly permeable, 50 foot thick, subhorizontal aquifer, about 70 to 120 feet below the ground surface, underlies the thermal area and that below 120 feet, water temperatures cool rapidly. What is not precisely known as a result of the exploration work conducted to date, is the location of the upflow zone feeding the horizontal aquifer. In light of the artesian conditions, this feeder is postulated be located to the west or north of the springs. Geochemical analyses of produced waters suggest that equilibrium temperatures may be at or slightly above 150°C (300T). This temperature would be high enough to support power generation using binary systems and if adequate permeability were to be confirmed, a 5-10 MWe project could be considered. Because of the distance to Nome, the only logical market for geothermally generated power, this size project might be a minimum to permit development of an economically viable scheme. Pilgrim Hot Springs already has excellent potential for direct use of the geothermal resource. Greenhousing, space heating, timber drying, and/or aquaculture are among 03/24/2007 17:47 9706683074 GEOTHERMALMANAGEMETC PAGE 05 4 those that appear to be eminently feasible and which should be promoted. Creation of a spa like Chena Hot Springs may also be possible and might be an attraction to Nome residents and cruise ship tourists. This prospect is still attractive despite discovery of the temperature reversal at 120 feet. Fracture location would be the next exploration objective, so that seismic, self -potential and possibly gravity, soil radium or soil mercury surveys might be employed. Approximately $250,000 should be budgeted with anticipation that more drilling would then be required to confirm any interesting geophysical or geochemical findings. The expenditure of funds of this order of magnitude needed to identify the thermal upflow zone is strongly recommended. tzebue The city of Kotzebue has a population of about 4,000, has a first class airport, and is a major trading center for northwestern Alaska. An 80,000 square foot hospital, a college, several lower level schools, municipal buildings and native corporation buildings all occupy the west central part of town. The climate is severe, despite Kotzebue's location on Kotzebue Sound (art arm of the Bering Sea) with more than 16,000 heating degree days and mid -winter wind chill factors that can approach —130°F ! Kotzebue has been built on the western tip of the Baldwin Peninsula, It is separated from the mainland by Hotham Inlet to the north and by the main part of Kotzebue Sound to the south. The peninsula is underlain by about 2,000 feet of Tertiary age sediments, predominantly clays, silts, sands, and gravels deposited by the Noatak and the Kobuk Rivers or their ancestors. The Kotzebue area is above a basement high in the western part of the Sewalik Basin, near where it joins the Hope Basin. Basement rocks include metamorphic, carbonate and volcanic units that outcrop in highlands located to the south of Kotzebue Sound. In two deep (6,000+ and 8,000+ feet) petroleum exploration wells drilled by Chevron to the northwest and southeast of Kotzebue, unequilibrated bottom hole temperatures in excess of 72°C (1607) were recorded together with thermal gradients of 1.7 to 2.5°1~!100 feet. If these gradients are used to estimate water temperatures at the contact of the Tertiary sediments with basement rocks about 2,000 feet beneath Kotzebue, they would be from 42°C (107°F) to 7VC (160°F), slightly cool, but adequate for use in a district heating system. It should be noted that equilibrated temperatures in the referenced wells would probably have been about 10°C (187) higher than those listed above. There may also be evidence for the existence of waters at this temperature as shallow as 300 feet beneath Kotzebue. Mr. Frank Stein, a local resident claims to know of a well that penetrated such a resource in the 1950-1952 era. This lead is being pursued by contacting several other professional persons and jurisdictional entities believed to be familiar with '63/24/2007 17:47 9706683074 GEOTHERMALMANAGEMETC PAGE 06 events in Kotzebue in those years. Among those to be interviewed for confirmation of this information are the Public Health Service in Anchorage, the Bureau of Indian ,Affairs in Juneau and four individuals identified by Mr. Jay Farmwald of Anchorage. If 1,500 GPM of 82°C (180°F) water could be produced from shallow wells drilled in the vicinity of the building complex previously mentioned, there is a strong possibility that a technically and economically viable district heating system could be built. Studies utilizing the information from the Chevron wells were conducted in 1979 and 1980 and recommendations were made to take the studies further. The ]reasons why this project was not pursued will be identified. At this time it is highly recommended that GeoPowering the West resume the studies that were abandoned in the earl 1980s with creation of a Kotzebue geothermal district heating system as the ultimate objective. Ak] 002trprop.doc 0 C r ALASKA OIL AND GAS, CONSERVATION COMUSSION September 30, 2009 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7005 1160 0001 5753 9158 �' ak - 0-1 -.16— SEAN PARNELL, GOVERNOR 333 W. 7th AVENUE, SUITE 100 ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501-3539 PHONE (907) 279-1433 FAX (907) 276-7542 Steve Hagenson NED AEA Executive Director 813 W. Northern Lights Blvd. Anchorage, AK 99503 Re: Failure to Respond to Request for Information (20 AAC 25.300) Status of Oil and Gas Wells Dear Mr. Hagenson: Under 20 AAC 25.300 you are required to provide information requested by the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (Commission). On January 28, 2009 the Commission requested verification of suspended, long-term shut-in and observation wells. To date you have provided no response to the Commission. This correspondence constitutes the Commission's final request for you to verify the wells as suspended, long-term shut-in or observation wells. If the requested information has not been received by the Commission by the close of business on December 1, 2009, you will be considered in violation of 20 AAC 25.300 and the Commission will take such action as it deems appropriate including, but not limited to, initiation of a public hearing, initiation of an enforcement action, and imposition of penalties as authorized under AS 31.05.150. If you have any questions regarding this request, please contact Winton Aubert at 907.793.1231 or winton.aubertca alaska.gov. Attachment cc: Tab Ballantine Department of Law Sincerely, V f� Cathy P. oerster Commissioner ■ Complete items 1, 2, and 3. Also complete item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. ® Print your name and address on the reverse so that we can return the card to you. ■ Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, or on the front if space permits. 1. Article Addressed to: A. Signatur / gent X �dclressee B; Received by (Printed Name C. Dat of Delivery 1117 Ll G7 D. Is delivery address different from item 1? ❑ Yes If YES, enter delivery address below: P10 3.S ice Type ertified Mail ❑ Express Mail ❑ Registered \U'�Ieturn Receipt for Merchandise ❑ Insured Mail ❑ C.O.D. 4. Restricted Delivery? (Extra Fee) ❑ Yes 2. Article Number (Transfer from service lab, 7005 116 0 0001 5753 9158 PS Form 3811, February 2004 Domestic Return Receipt [t] 1 Ln r-9 (Domestic Mail Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) _ For delivery information visit our website at www.usps.com mr Iti ul Postage $ 3 3.3 GJ F-9 C3 Certified Fee ® Postma* C3 Return Recelpt Fee (Endorsement Required) Here O Restricted Delivery Fee (Endorsement Required) rl Total Postage 8 Fees ul OSent To ///? el N !`treat, Apt No.; -1 -l�__�1.!-__1L� or PO Box No. - ------•--------- CPry, Sfate, ZIP+4 --------•--- r rr 102595-02-M-1540 4 Operator Sb,w! y 7-7 DIV ENERGY & POWER DEV ST OF AK Field Current Date of Permit API Number Well Name Status 5tatw Surface Location....................................................*.^ps*..................................... 179-078-0 50-031-20001-00-00 PILGRIM SPRING 1 179-085-0 50-031-20002-00-00 PILGRIM SPRING 2 Wednesday, January 14, 2009 SUSP 11/25/1979 45 FNL 956 FEL Sec 36 T 4 S R 31 1M KM SUSP 11/20/1979 120 FSL 2745 F%A/L Sec 3 T 5 S R 31 W KM c l --I &t - C_� -1 Y�_ oALASKA I / SARAH PALIN, GOVERNOR ALASKA OIL AND GAS 333 W. 7th AVENUE, SUITE 100 CONSERVATION COMMISSION ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501-3539 PHONE (907) 279-1433 January 28, 2009 FAX (907) 276-7542 Steve Hagenson AEA Executive Director 813 W. Northern Lights Anchorage AK 99503 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED 7005 1820 0001 2499 6057 SCANNED 0 C T 1 3 2014,. Re: Notice of Revised Suspended Wells Regulations and Request for Verification of Suspended and Shut -In Well Information Dear Mr. Hagenson: Enclosed are the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission's revised regulations regarding suspended wells (i.e., 20 AAC 25.110). Also enclosed is a list of suspended and long-term shut-in wells operated by the Alaska Energy Authority or your predecessor, the Division of Energy and Power Development. For each list, please verify the information for each well and provide any corrections by April 1, 2009. Location inspections required under 20 AAC 25.110 should be coordinated xvith JIM Regg at 907-793-1236 or jim.regg@alaska.gov. If you have any questions regarding this notice, please contact Tom Maunder at 907-793- 1250 or tom.maunder@alaska.gov. Sincerely, Cathy P. Foerster Commissioner Enclosures Postal r- Ln CERTIFIED MAIL,,., RECEIPT o(Domestic Er ' Er AWAR45E At 995W-, ni �1 S E r-1 Postage $ $0.59 SPS POo16 O Certified Fee \, 0 $2.70 02 v p RReturnReceipt Fee � (Endorsement Required) $2.20 Herg N �. � Restricted Delivery Fee co (Endorsement Required) $0.00 TotalPostagi Ln Steve H g nson1/28/2009 C3`" ° 0 AEA Executive Director r- s`6ee, 813 W. Northern Lights or PO Box No. •i s6jj,-zF Anchorage AK 99503 Complete items 1, 2, and 3. Also complete item 4 if Restricted Delivery is desired. f Print your name and address on the reverse so that we can return the card to you. R Attach this card to the back of the mailpiece, or on the front if space permits. 1. Article Addressed to Steve Hagenson AEA Executive Director 813 W. Northern Lights Anchorage AK 99503 A. ❑ Addressee B. 1 J3ec�elve d by �rnred Name) I C. Date of Delivery O� � D. Is delivery address different from Item 1? ❑ Yes If YES, enter delivery,, ess below: ❑ No Lo z J�: 3 0 3 e�vice Type t Gertified Mail❑ xpress Mail ❑ Registered eturn Receipt for Merchandise ❑ Insured Mail Etl C.O.D. 4. Restricted Delivery? (Extra Fee) ❑ Yes 2. Article Number (l-ransferfrom service lab 7005 1820 0001 2499 6057 PS Form 3811, February 2004 Domestic Return Receipt 102595-02-M-1540 Operator Suspended and Shut In Wells DIV ENERGY & POWER DEV ST OF AK Field Current Date of Permit API Number Well Name Status Status Surface Location .................................................... Lense(s)...............................,,.. 179-078-0 50-031-20001-00-00 PILGRIM SPRING 1 179-085-0 50-031-20002-00-00 PILGRIM SPRING 2 Wednesday, January 14, 2009 SUSP 11/25/1979 45 FNL 956 FEL Sec 36 T 4 S R 31 W KM SUSP 11/20/1979 120 FSL 2745 FWL Sec 3 T 5 S R 31 W KM i auvaiu~~ Liv~wc ~ccns W 1Gd.JG 1VU111G Q1Cd 1i11JJ1U11: HI' HldSKd I dUI1.GUII1 • • Anchor"ageDaifyNews r: adn.com (' Web search po~AJered by S.HEJ?~ SEARCH Winter in Alaska Photos and video from '` ' Aiaska`s brutal but 1 ~-- be~utfui seaso;i. reader pits ~ stories rage i or ~ ,3 forec i C~aylaght ; 9:7_E~ A ..'t ~ F 11 ,. y s .p-.r"`.~ k~'V-''i ~ i ~='~ a~..j~~i s4 ~ -{'..; ,.. S ~ }~ ~ ~.:q a a ~a m t k r1`^~i~.41L~!~°~l_ .":4~•.~I .cn. ~617"LS~'~..i, ~c... ..::~..d....t.. ~ ~..`4... ~ __ _ .. .. z .~.., :. i Home A;as<a Newsreader ': i;bituaEries Archives TV ! istr Fairbanks Diocese seeks to ~~ C ~~ lease Nome area mission By MARY BETH SMETZER /Fairbanks Daily News-Miner ~ , ~ ~~ ~~ " ~~`5~~ ~.~r~~~ Published: January 24tH, 2009 11:12 PM ...__ _ ..... Last Modified: January 24th, 2009 11:12 PM `-~ FAIRBANKS, Alaska -From the age of 3 to until he was 12 t ~~ ~ ~ ~ r'`Si ~ _` ~ ~~ years old, Robert E. Lee lived, worked and was educated at Our Lady of Lourdes Mission at Pilgrim Hot Springs, an isolated oasis located in the midst of treeless tundra, 60 miles north of - ~ ~~~~'~~i`~ n ~ cs ~_-'~~~` Nome. Story taals Comments (0} ~:. Recommend {1} E-mail a friend Print Share on Facebook Digg this Seed Newsvine Send link via AIM ~® ~~ Yahoo! Buzz "That's my favorite spot on earth," said Lee, 80, who now resides in Delta Junction. Lee and others who lived at the mission and were cared for by Ursuline nuns and Jesuit priests and brothers, are carefully watching what the future holds for their childhood home. The site, all 320 acres of it, is part of the Chapter li bankruptcy reorganization of the Fairbanks Catholic Diocese. Today, the hot springs property is being brokered as part of the diocese's bankruptcy reorganization. ,AiA A _~ ,_ In March, the diocese filed for bankruptcy to settle multiple child sexual abuse lawsuits. With abuse claimants now nearing the 300 mark, and a long list of creditors, the diocese is obligated to file a plan of reorganization that will repay its claimants and creditors on a fair and equitable basis. The diocese doesn't plan to sell the property, said George Bowder, diocesan director of finance. "We have been advised by counsel that we will be going through lease sale option." The diocese recently regained control of the hot springs. In early December, the bankruptcy court rescinded a 99-year lease made in 1969 with Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd., represented by Arthur Neumann of http://www.adn. tom/news/alaska/ap_alaska/story/666890.htm1 1 /30/2009 • uiivuiu~~ Liv~.~.~~. ~~.~,nJ w t~.aJC, ivVt11G A.1 CA. Lt11JJ1Vtt. ht titAJR0. I Q.Utt.l:Vttt • rage ~ or ~ 3 Washington D.C. According to Bowder, the diocese had negotiated with the Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd. several times previously in an effort to regain control of the land, claiming the group hadn't lived up to the lease agreement which included developing the property's geothermal, agricultural and tourism potentials, and historical preservation. Neuman didn't contest the lease demise in court, but has since filed a substantial claim as a creditor against the diocese. Oprah's Dist Secrets; Revealed Lose 2 Ibs of body fat per week with this 1 simple rule. Sara54Veghti..oss.eam 1 Flat Stomach Rule: Obey 1 Cut Down 2 Ibs of Stomach Fat Per Week by Obeying this 1 Old Rule AubreysDiet3lag.cam ~ Rule of a Flat Stomach Cut down 25 Ibs of stomach fat in - 1 month by obeying this 1 rule Requests for lease proposals on how to develop the property will kick off in Nome with a public meeting on Feb. 2, time and place to be announced, said Tom Buzek, diocese finance administrator. ~.:if;' i5i~:. _ _ .. Proposal packets will be available after that date at the diocese's office as well. Proposals will be accepted through April 29. Originally, Pilgrim Hot Springs was known as Kruzgamepa Hot Springs. It was homesteaded by Henry Beckus, at the turn of the 20th century at the time of the gold rush on the Seward Peninsula, and catered to miners. Back then, it featured a a roadhouse, saloon, dance hall and spa baths. The roadhouse and saloon burned down in 1908, and in 1917, the James Halpin family bought it and deeded it to the Catholic church. Shortly afterward, it was developed into an orphanage and boarding school by a Jesuit missionary, the Rev. Bellarmine Lafortune, to care for the many children left without parents after the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. The mission closed in the early 1940s. "It's a beautiful, beautiful spot," said Lee, who easily remembers the orphanage director's name, Mother Superior Mary Louise, during his time there, as well "the little Italian nun" who ruled the kitchen, Sister Thecla, and the names of many priests and brothers who worked there. Lee also recalls the daily routines of cutting wood with a Swede saw, bathing in the big bathhouse every Saturday, transplanting plants from the hot springs-heated greenhouse to the fields each summer and harvesting heaps of vegetables in the fall. For Lee and his three siblings, Marion, Nina and Conrad, the mission was home for many years after their mother Mary Willook Lee died after giving birth to her fourth child. Their father, Pete Lee, a miner at Candle, paid the mission $700 a year for their care, Lee said. The U.S. Army housed troops at the site during the Second World War and built an airstrip. During the 1950s and 1960s, various agricultural projects were attempted. Some weathered buildings remain including the mission school, dormitory, church and an elevated pool. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and features a small forest of birch and cottonwood trees in an otherwise treeless landscape. http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/story/666890.htm1 1 /30/2009 r au vaux~ Livcc~c ~ccx~ w ica~ivvuic area iiiissiuci: r~r tiia5xa ~ auii.wtu rage .~ o~ ~F • Today, access is by charter air service from Nome or via an 8-mile gravel road that joins the Nome-Taylor Road at Cottonwood. Diocesan administrators foresee developing the property in phases and are working together with the University of Alaska Fairbanks on a grant to explore the source of the hot springs and long- term geothermal potential. According to Buzek, if the university is awarded the grant, the research will be done this summer. "So much hinges on where the geothermal zone is located," Buzek said. Another consideration in developing the property, Buzek noted, is being sensitive to the survivors and the descendants of the people who lived and worked the property when it was an orphanage. "We are looking for whatever commercial development that will have minimum impact," Buzek said. Because of high energy costs, the geothermal potential of the property is paramount and would be especially beneficial to surrounding communities on the Seward Peninsula. But it is not the only area of potential. Tourism, agriculture and historical preservation are some others. "This is going to be an exciting ride," said Bowder, "Not only for what it can do for the diocese in the long term, but what it can do for and enhance the quality of life for the people of the Seward Peninsula. "We see this as a challenge, to seek opportunity for people have been harmed in the past and to seek ways to give them, as well as others, a better life. What a blessing. What a blessing." ~..~....~..______. WA R N ~ 1 i Proxy cannot apply conk F This could be caused by a misconfiguration, a ` content encc ~ Ptease copy technics[ Beta€Is from bottom Of page into a wabfii'iwr r~r~~,~~st [oe~t€ ~`:1 `~ ~` G a 8 r UPDATE Oh COMMENTS POLICY: Read befiore posting :Edit your profile and avatar » ~y s~~rzi'tirg y:;ur ^arri€nertt. you are •aareeiny to adet.corn`s user agreement. ~, You must be logged in to leave a comment. Login ~ Register Powerzen sr ~s~t,~,~: ~.. ~ ~~ http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/story/666890.htm1 1 /30/2009 a ~ Arehi~je photo hr Tt~fer Rhnder SCl:1IC' SPOT--The tub at Pilgrim Nut Spriu);s steams :~g~imi the l~:ickdrop of the ti~lu- aik Rk-untaim. The church rrrentl} succeeded in tenminalini; :~ le:t4e c-n thr pruprri~~. Pilgrim Hot Springs back in church's hand By Diana Haecker The Catholic Bishop of Northern Alaska has regained control over a piece property it has owned since 1917 after a judge freed Pilgrim Hot Springs of a 99-year lease held by Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd. CBNA had tried to rescind the lease for a long time as church administrators felt that Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd. hasn't kept its end of a lease deal to develop the property's geothermal, agricultural or tourism potential. In February, CBNA filed for Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code when faced with a multitude of victims who claimed sexual abuse at the hands of priests and church workers in a time span between 1960s and 1980s. As part of the reorganization, CBNA filed a motion to legally rescind and default the hot springs property and get its rights to develop back from Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd. According to Tom Buzek, CBNA's business administrator, Pilgrim Hot Springs Ltd. also filed a creditor's claim. In court, the company did not insist on keeping the lease, Buzek said. The court then officially and legally rescinded the lease on Dec. 5. "This is an exciting development," Buzek said. "We now have an opportunity to develop this property to its full potential and possibly serve the long-term energy needs of communities in the area C,r~~~O~Jrc~ 'QGC~ • ""`t 1 ~,, `s "'4 , ~ ~~~ ; ~ ;, , .. ,, ~.• '~ r~STQ~~-`--llt:zrty u['Ltte i,u!}tllnlh !eR ut•cr frnrrt Pilgrim ~[ot J trin•~s' L flr''liiN,~ p)tnto f,v 7'f,'Irr Pihvd~s ! +, days tzs stn urphtutagc manain on ttte pr()tt. ert,Y. Jom~ ha,.•r fnUen inltt u st:tto oCdisrepnic.:z matter of contention between the church and tts furnrpr tenant. ~a~~ ccttlinerecfJr;,tt,n;t,~ 1 Undrr the kas~ aFrccmenr. Pi j;rint l-tot Springs t.td. lras support. to devetor the hot springs' geuthc. ma}, agricultttr~! and tuurisrrt paten tial. TRc group, hua'et•cr, Jid tto At•hievr much with the property. ,`according tr. Arthur 1„ Ncuntan a ~Yas!tingt,~rt, p.t; , attorney unc tEtt_ Secretary=!'r~:tsttrer :znd Director n Pilgrim i-tc?t Syringe Ltd., a Hamner of fx tot+ ntad~ it impossible for ltis company to d•: Fck~p the site. "The .reason Ailgrinz St+rirtgs Ltd, dici nut contest dlr. }case fx•furo ;hc ban}-_ nrptcy court tvag !)t:cause. the tease over the yrvs and since }4tg c~)n_ tainud n self-defeatinn p~•us•isiot] tt'hir:h made it intpossihfc F'or Pii,;-inl S-`tin~s to raise deve(opaleat fund to pct);-cud frith cotlc•crting the rent. hrnna! rc.couree to:c prn,'iLtble vct]- htrt• for trod] the church aS the landlurti attc[ I'ilyrinl fiprin~•s Ltd. as tl-e it°nant," h;cu~na;t wmtt• its a fax Pi}grim Springs Ltd, cuntcuds that the pet~etttage the church was to gaits ntt• an}• geothermal yr other tzat- ura! resource dal•c(t)pnlcnt a[ the prOilPrty tVaS (U0 hlgh • ltlaltttl~ (I toO Cpa'tS t(ItCClG Ai:t.~};;t :nlih0:7tt1'S t0 CX- costiy to deF~~•lup projech or end itl- ~ p!vr l t - t c:;tur:; b.) du so. ~} While ii diet nor cont . a tet7latit'c encrg}• potcnti::!, nrouncl the stak•. est i2ux`ks:tidt::!)\rlhatlspplicd;or - nation of its Icasc hcfor~ t6l~cuntrt - pifgrin; Sprin;~s Ltet, is not out of the t >kturc. { , « state ,grant tt~ tottduc't a thorou,•I+, rxplztratictn sh C .yet. }t hats Tiled a proof n; t,itiul against dle church ;ts4itl : t y on ty the sourer t) tterc exact!}` ~ t t1zc hot springs lies .z neuriy $'~,9 nlitlitnl fur t~~hat it c'Ollr sid~'rs a brtach of th . 4a,~ci~ta'ct on tihe out tt z r }C15e tetras, '}'he rc(lut•sted ctamaSes cover rental ctunr of tht: study-if thegt,tnt is atv:zrdr;t. "first ' p~rytnents made sincc Nor. 1, lt'Cict, rapitai intpru,'entants. am! [npair:md .: e nc~ d to dch~rminr where nc~ sourer is," tart}; said. -':\nd that tnainrcnatlcc of huilriing): grolutde at the site 'I'Fta ~ ~ laic! cietermina what the highest :uu( itrst use of dzc }?ra!?crt}• is " . majutit; t, the claim, S'_ million. is atttibut~d t . t t p r o lire geothermal 1~~c1Is drill in :: mint ~`cnturc hchvicen Pil the ouir att;l of pot~nti: i! for the sue Pilgret F}t,c Sp;•ius at h t grim Sprin'~ tit. ant, the state front Cu;q to 19ti3 sv as a hic- torir e:t}uc as lh~ church built a • .:Pilgrim [5!)rin;;s Ltd, bc!i~t boarlin~ school anti ugthanabe whcu e, tht: church shi)u!c! not, under thr cir~ the in!7ti~nra pandemi:' o f9!~ leCt cuntstunces, rcair rttr harvest o! I'ii- gritn's eft"arts in dayc(oping the sit rnart5` c!tildret: n'ithuut parents. r\e•- eaahnn t c t z e to a putcxttial gro!hct7na! rtsuurrc, especitt}!y when F']I closed in th ca:•ly t410s aud many builc(ittrs still rt:main 'f7t gt7m 1YFtS Utr ti1C vt:rge of de~'eloping the l~cotherma! . ~ pra}><rt}' lt•as lister! on the National Register rc.courca rvcn thuut;h its tlet'e!op- meal would cost tt}m off.(isto:ic I'iaces its [~77, I3u•rck soli! that CKNA ' ost ~ !00 ma- !ion." Ncuntan wrote. a uuld :!nnt)tince a rrc{ucst !i)r proposals The ±;cotherrnal putcnfitt! bec y 2(}Q(I nn ~! J:)nua vl nd r ` f ~ ` ame ilm tu d i•ul rite centrrofattentiun as his;h i•nertl• 5prinR: pro tc~tp, the ! d„rent Hut c ! - y. TI HE NOME NUGGET THURSDAY, DCCEMBEA 25, 2008 3 r~_...........,. Alaska Science Forum December 18, 1979 ~. .. - .. ._ .. ~ Pilgrim Hoyt Springs Article #365 by T. Neil Davis This column is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community. T. Neil Davis is a seismologist at the institute. The year 1979 may have put new life into a mineral hot spring 50 miles north of Nome that for many years has bubbled up 175°F water through the permafrost at a rate of 60 gallons per minute. In gold-rush days, the site was named Kruzgamepa Hot Springs, after the nearby river that heads in Salmon Lake and flows westerly into the Imuruk Basin. Up until the saloon and roadhouse burned down in 1908, the Springs was the resort spa where residents of the southern Seward Peninsula went for hot baths and other recreational delights. A severe influenza epidemic in the years 1916-1918 killed twelve hundred people living between St. Michael and Cape Prince of Wales. The flu left many children homeless so the Catholic Church built a home for then at what is now called Pilgrim Springs (the Kruzgamepa has also become the Pilgrim River). This mission survived until 1942, by which time the children had grown up. A church and a few other old buildings mark the site. The solitude of Pilgrim Springs was,interruptedthfs past summer by the frenzied thumping of a helicopter working to support geologists and geophysicists. A combined crew from the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and the Geophysical Institute had converged on the area seeking to get themselves into hot water. The crew dug dirt, pounded rocks, drove pipes in the ground, strung wires around and appeared to walk aimlessly over the area carrying curious looking electronic gadgets. When it was all over, the scientific prospecting effort pointed toward a hot area 1,500 feet away from the Pilgrim springs itself. To test the results, a drilling rig was brought in. Concern over the danger of drilling into too hot a spot led to the first hole being drilled off to the edge of the indicated hot area. A six-inch hole was put down to depth 150 feet (50 meters) where it struck an artesian flow of 200 gallons per minute at temperature 195°F (90°C). A second well placed midway between the first well and the prime spot dictated by the geophysical work produced similar water at twice the flow rate. Next year, a well will be drilled on the prime spot. When wells are put down to extract the hot water, one worries that the flow generated in one well might decrease the flow from another or from the natural spring area. But the preliminary geophysical work at Pilgrim Springs suggests that many wells could be drilled without harm. It appears that the Pilgrim (Kruzgamepa) River now carries away much of the heat energy brought to the surface, and that additional wells would merely intercept that energy. Initial measurements indicate that the river is carrying away energy equivalent to that heat energy contained in a flow of nearly 5,000 barrels of oil a day. This rate of oil flow is about the same as that of petroleum products from the North Pole Refinery near Fairbanks. ID • One Creek Center Woodward•Clyde Consultants 100 Pringle Tingle Avenue Walnut Creek, CA 94596 415- 945 -3000 April 15, 1983 Division of Energy and Per Development 7th Floor Frontier Building 3601 "C" Street Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Attention: Mr. Dale Rusnell „ k Gentlemen: ,. Woodward -Clyde Consultants, as completion of our Contract No 82 -0782 with the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, is pleased to •4 submit this final Phase II report "Results of Drilling, Testing and Resource Confirmation -- Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska ", in two volumes. t Y • This volume contains a detailed description of Woodward - Clyde's 1982 drilling and testing program, including location and soil - helium surveys, I the completion of four new geothermal production wells, the interpretive results of extensive hydrothermal testing, and as complete an assessment 1 of the geothermal resource potential as present data permit. A number of i questions regarding the nature and location of the circulating ground water and geothermal heat source remain unanswered. t ` A second volume, under the same title as this, contains all the basic data collected during the 3 -month 1982 field investigation, and serves as an t . appendix to this interpretive. Very truly yours, 4 ...44 , it, Ben E. Lofgre 11 , / k Project Manager BEL:rm t Consulting Engineers, Geologists and Environmental Scientists 0 , ;' Offices in Other Principal Cities • • • GEOTHERMAL ENGERGY DEVELOPMENT at PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA PHASE II: Results of Drilling Testing and Resource Confirmation April 15, 1983 Submitted to State of Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development 3601 "C" Street Anchorage, Alaska 99503 by Woodward -Clyde Consultants One Walnut Creek Center 100 Pringle Avenue Walnut Creek, CA 94596 15267A • todwardaclyde • COnsuKar is t TABLE OF CONTENTS • Page LIST OF TABLES iii I LIST OF FIGURES - iv 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 f 2.0 INTRODUCTION 4 t. ,., ; 2.1 LOGISTICS AND SCHEDULE 6 2.2 PERMITS 8 ° 2.3 RESULTS OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 9 . 2.4 FIELD SURVEYS 10 t o 2.5 SOIL- HELIUM INVESTIGATION 12 2.6 INVENTORY OF SUPPLIES LEFT AT PILGRIM SPRINGS 13 k F 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 3.0 DRILLING 15 I 3.1 INTRODUCTION 15 3.2 WELL PS -3 16 3.3 WELL PS -4 17 , 3.4 WELL PS -5 18 3.5 WELL MI -1 19 .5. .:. 4.0 GEOLOGY 21 4.1 GEOLOGIC SETTING 21 "° f 4.2 PREVIOUS GEOLOGIC AND GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS 23 !` 4.3 GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN THE WELL FIELD 24 5.0 WELL TESTING 29 rt 5.1 INTRODUCTION 29 `° 5.2 INTERFERENCE EFFECTS AMONG WELLS 29 5.3 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WELL WATERS 30 i zt }. -Clyde Consultants k . tt-- A . TABLE OF CONTENTS OA (continued) kf ,. Page 5.4 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND PROFILES 32 5.5 EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR PARAMETERS 36 6.0 SURFACE HYDROLOGY 41 ,; ; . 7.0 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 43 z f 7.1 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM BOUNDARIES 44 s`,. 7.2 BOUNDARY FLUXES 44 •` 7.3 INTERNAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 48 7.4 SYSTEM HEAT AND WATER BALANCE 49 F .. 7.5 RESOURCE BASE WITHIN THE MODELED PART +i =` OF THE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM 51 7.6 ACCESSIBLE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE BASE 51 z 7.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL 52 Y g,, 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 53 9.0 REFERENCES 59 TABLES ., > FIGURES 'Y � y r s tl ii � � \ - - - - - -- — -- -- - - - -- - - -- ^ \ • LIST OF TABLES � � » <. :Kx . . . Table ' . No Title / :. ! Summary of Geothermal Well Completion Information 4 0 2 Summary of Geophysical Daa Ob Obtained m Test Wells Completed a � y » y P Pilgrim Springs, Alas 3 Water Quality of Wells and Springs 4 Summary o Estimates of Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity for Wells at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska • Woodward-Clyde Consultants LIST OF FIGURES Figure ,�< No. Title 1 Location of Pilgrim Springs Geothermal Wells and Access Trail from { ?\ \ Taylor Highway \ . 2 Schedule of 1982 Field Act i¥6e , 3 Location of Geothermal Wells and 197 Temperature Contours to 100- /. Mee Grid 4 Surveyed Location of Six Geothermal Wells with Respect to Well P52 5 Correlation of Soil-Helium Con n r £on s with 1979 Shallow-Temperature . \ \ Contours 6 Casing Profile of Well P5-3 7 Casing Profile of Well PS-4 8 Casing Pr a ileo Well PS-5 9 Casing Profile of WelMy! 10 Relationship of Pilgrim Springs Well Fieldt Surface Streams 11 Generalized Geologic Log of Well PS-4 \ . . 12 Initial Shallow Temperature Gradients at Four Well Sites 13 Temperature Profiles of Well PS-I, September 25, 1982 \ . iv y Clyde Consultants 3 ' 14 Temperature Profiles of Well PS-2, September 26, 1982 15 Temperature Profiles of Well P5 -3, September 25, 1982 16 Temperature Profiles of Well PS -4, September 27, 1982 17 Temperature Profiles of Well PS -5, September 26, 1982 4 � 18 Temperature Profiles of Well MI -1, September 25, 1982 19 Temperature Versus Depth Profiles of Six Geothermal Wells P P 20 Relationship Between Increased Artesian Head and Increasing Depth, September 22, 1982 21 Semi - logarithmic Plot of Head vs. Time for P5 -2 During Flow Test of PS -2 2 22 Semi- logarithmic Plot of Head vs. Time for PS -4 During Flow Test of P5 -4 23 Semi - logarithmic Plot of Head vs. Time for MI -1 During Flow Test of MI -I 24 Semi - logarithmic Plot of Head vs. Time for PS -3 During Flow Test of PS -3 25 Semi - logarithmic Plot of Discharge vs. Time for P5 -5 During Flow Test of P5 -5 26 Conceptual Model of the Hottest Area of Pilgrim Springs Geothermal System 4 ; • Woodward yde Consultants 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area is located about 40 miles north of Nome, Alaska, in the lowlands of Pilgrim River Valley. It represents a 0.7- square -mile thawed area, surrounded by'permafrost to depths of greater than 300 feet. Six geothermal wells, ranging in perforated depth from 60 to 1,001 feet, are now completed at Pilgrim Springs._ These are clustered in the hottest part of the P 8 P geothermal anomaly one - quarter mile southwest of the historic Pilgrim Springs church. Two of the wells, PS -1 and PS -2 (Figure 3), were drilled in 1979 and were then perforated and tested in the summer of 1982. The four deeper wells (PS-3, PS- 4, PS -5, and MI), were drilled and tested in the summer of 1982. The reporting and ; , ; interpretation of the drilling and testing of these six wells and an assessment of the geothermal resource potential of the area, based on the findings of the 1982 drilling i and testing program, are the principal objectives of this report. The 1982 drilling and testing program by Woodward -Clyde Consultants (WCC) was preceded by several seasons of extensive geologic and geophysical field work by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska and by the drilling of two shallow Lt test wells by the State. Published reports from these investigations served as a substantial background for the 1982 program. For the 1982 field investigation, the survey control network, the location and depth of wells drilled, and the geologic �: framework of the region were derived from these earlier studies. The significant contribution of the Geophysical Institute and the State studies and the continued f interest and support of the respective researchers in the success of the 1982 investigation are gratefully acknowledged. ;Mw ; . ' All six wells of the Pilgrim Springs project were drilled within the 60 °C contour of Turner and Forbes (1980), wherein soil temperatures at the 15 -foot (4- to 5 -m) depth exceeded this amount (Figure 3). All wells were located to assist in defining the ,,` magnitude and extent of the geothermal resource, to attempt to identify the location and nature of hot -water source, and also, to serve as geothermal supply wells. Well 4'. PS -3 was drilled a few feet southeast of the highest measured subsurface soil temperature of the 1979 survey (96 ° C at 276 m west and 276 m south; Osterkamp 1 • WootrardiClyde Consultants nn � and others, 1980) and a few feet northwest of the highest measured soil- helium concentration (113.76 ppm, Figure 5) of the 1979 investigation. Also, well P5 -5 was sited to test the possibility that the inferred intersecting lineaments (Figure 3) observed on satelite photographs might be the source of rising hot waters, as suggested by Turner (written communications, 1982). Although the drilling and testing of these wells have confirmed a significant geothermal resource for the area, studies to date have not identified either the location or the characteristics of the geothermal source. All six wells penetrate the extensive shallow geothermal aquifer system that apparently underlies much of the Pilgrim Springs thawed area (Turner and Forbes, ,! 1980). This saline 90 ° C aquifer system has artesian heads a few feet above land surface, and feeds the numerous thermal seeps and springs located principally southwest of the church. Drilling logs and temperature profiles of the six wells confirm the following three- unit hydrothermal flow system within the well field: 1) an upper sequence of confining deposits with very high thermal gradients (up to 350 ° C per 100 feet); 2) the productive artesian aquifer system described above, which is about 60 -feet thick and must have considerable horizontal ground -water circulation to maintain the heat transfer evidenced throughout the area; and 3) a continuing downward sequence of valley -fill deposits with cool, fresh -water circulation. The temperature profiles of the two deepest drill holes (Figure 19) indicate the deep thermal gradient of sediments below the surficial zone of ground -water circulation to be about 2.2 ° C per 100 feet, about twice the normal gradient of a non - geothermal area. The nature of this three -unit hydrothermal flow system had been precisely predicted by Wescott and others (Turner and Forbes, 1980) from deep electrical resistivity measurements. In the completion of the four 1982 wells, blank casing was used through the shallow thermal aquifer system (Figures 6 to 9) so that deeper zones could be hydraulically tested. The option remains with each of these wells whether to use these wells to '-' produce deep fresh water or to plug and perforate these wells to produce high- 2 WoodWart yde Co suttantS ti temperature geothermal waters. The plugging and perforating of these wells can be accomplished on a low budget without a drill rig. A conceptual model of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system has been developed. This is based on the best hydrothermal data available for the area. Using this model to analyze the energy and the water inflow to and outflow from the system, the geothermal resource base of the hottest part of thawed area, (that area southwest of the church within the 30 °C thermal contour shown on Figure 5), was calculated. As summarized in Figure 26, a continuing supply of probably 19 to 24 MW of geothermal energy apparently is fed into the modeled system from some unidentified source. This is balanced by an energy outflow from the system of 6 MW to the atmosphere, 2 MW by thermal springs, and 11 to 16 MW by ground -water movement from the area. In addition, a 20 -year supply of energy at a use rate of 1.5 MW is in storage in the shallow thermal aquifer system. It is noteworthy that the energy stored in the shallow geothermal aquifer system, significant as it is, represents less than 10 percent of the total thermal resources. More than 90 percent of the resource is available as a continuing supply from some unidentified source. If the source can be located, not only will temperatures be hotter but a more effective well field can be designed. Additional research is suggested to better define the geothermal source before additional drilling is considered. Not all of the roughly 25 MW of geothermal energy estimated for the Pilgrim Springs well -field area is effectively recoverable. The useable part of the resource will be probably 50 to 75 percent of this amount. Also, the impact of fluid extractions from the thermal aquifer system must be considered. Large extractions from the natural geothermal flow system will undoubtedly cause significant changes in either soil temperatures in the hottest part of the thaw area or smaller and cooler ground -water discharges from the area. Optimal use of the total resource will depend on carefully planned developments. 3 Wootward-Clyde CononsItevits L i n` ._ 2.0 INTRODUCTION On February 16, 1982, authorization was given by the Alaska Division of Energy and ;; � Power Development (DEPD) for Woodward -Clyde Consultants (WCC) to proceed with an extensive two -phase field investigation of the geothermal resources of Pilgrim .: Springs, Alaska. This investigation was designed primarily to drill and test four geothermal wells and to assess the resource potential of this historic hot spring oasis in remote interior Seward Peninsula. Previous investigations by various state agencies had provided extensive geological, geophysical, and hydrothermal back - `' ground information for this 1982 drilling and testing program. Phase I of the WCC investigation included: 1) a review of reports and background data of studies by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, the Alaska '` Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and by the Division of Energy and Power Development; 2) the preparation of a detailed design and a work plan for the `' drilling and testing of geothermal wells in the hottest area of Pilgrim Springs geothermal anomaly; and 3) the obtaining of necessary permits and agreements to implement this field investigation. These Phase I activities were completed on May 11, 1982 with the submittal of WCC's report, "Plans for Drilling, Testing and Resources Confirmation - Geothermal Energy Development at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska." The Phase I report summarized the design information pertinent to the Pilgrim Springs project, most of which will not be repeated in this Phase II final report. Phase II of the investigation included the following activities: 1) The procurement and mobilizing of all supplies, equipment, and logistical support necessary for the field investigation; 2) The perforating and testing of two shallow geothermal test wells drilled by n , x the state in October- November 1979; 4 • W_j`MC lycp Constritarts 3) The drilling, logging and testing of four deeper geothermal production wells; 4) The collection and analysis of shallow soil samples for helium - concentration investigations; and 5) The preparation of an interpretive report assessing the geothermal resource potential of the area. Although the drilling and testing of only three wells were originally specified in the contract, a fourth well was added by contractual agreement when down -hole caving of the intended deep well (PS -4) prevented further deepening of this well. All field work at Pilgrim Springs, which includes activities 1 to 4 above, were completed during June, July and mid - September 1982. This Phase II final report presents the pertinent original and interpreted field data of the drilling and testing program; a detailed description of the four geothermal well completions, performances and tests; and as complete an assessment of the geo- thermal resource potential of the area as available data permit. As discussed in Section 7.0, Resource Assessment, questions remain as to the location and nature of the deep goethermal heat source, the rate and direction of hot ground -water flow in the shallow geothermal aquifer, the nature and extent of reservoir boundary conditions, and possible heating effects beneath Pilgrim River. It is hoped that Y additional flow testing of the shallow thermal aquifer system, as recommended later in this report, will supplement the findings of this WCC investigation in answering some of the unresolved resource questions of the area. Finally, it should be noted that three different systems of reporting lengths and distances are used in this report. Although the system of feet and tenths is preferred throughout the report, both the metric system and inches and fractions are used in specific areas. Of necessity, we have continued to reference field and map locations to the 100 -meter grid system established earlier by the Geophysical Institute when referring to the locations of wells, thermal contours, and helium - sampling sites. 5 Woodward-Clyde .' 3. f � Also, when designating pipe and fitting sizes, we have used the conventional nomenclature of inches and fractions. In several areas of the report, dual r. designations are used to simplify reporting of the data. 2.1 LOGISTICS AND SCHEDULE Because of the remoteness of Pilgrim Springs, a major aspect of the total project effort involved the mobilization of equipment, supplies, and manpower; the operational maintenance of equipment; and the maintenance of communications and logistic support throughout the project. Because of late May and early June storms throughout Alaska, field activities of the Pilgrim Springs project were delayed more than two weeks from original plans. The barge shipment of pipe, lumber and drilling supplies from Seattle, scheduled for arrival in Nome in late May and promised for delivery at the lighterage yard two days later, actually was not available for pickup t :: until mid -June and then only on a delayed piece -meal basis. The first loads of equipment and supplies started up the Taylor Highway by commercial trucking on June 16, and the first supplies arrived in Pilgrim Springs on June 18. Approximately 100 tons of equipment and supplies were required to complete the Pilgrim Springs project. Most of the well casing, drill pipe, drilling supplies, and timbers used to elevate the drill rig were assembled in Seattle and shipped to Nome a' by barge. The Nodwell- mounted Failing 1500 drill rig, a flat -bed Nodwell for freight t ` hauling and project support, and most of the testing equipment and camp supplies used on the project were assembled in Anchorage and shipped to Nome by air } freight. From Name, this 100 tons of freight and equipment were transported north - " ` w' ward 55 miles over the paved Taylor Highway by commerical trucking, and were unloaded at a trailhead staging area. From trailhead, the freight was moved one load at a time by flat -bed Nodwell over the 8 miles of unimproved Pilgrim Trail (Figure 1) to the project site. About 20 -flat -bed loads from trailhead were required to bring all the drilling supplies and a continuing supply of fuel from Nome into the project site. Each round trip to trailhead for supplies required 6 to 8 hours of a two -man crew. 6 `.. • AWYAanilyde Consultants Drilling supplies and equipment were stockpiled during the drilling and testing K'. program in the vicinity of well P5 -3. Shipment of supplies into Pilgrim Springs was scheduled as needed and continued through most of July. Beginning in mid-July, return shipment of equipment to trailhead and then to Nome and Anchorage began as soon as items of equipment were no longer needed on the project. The drilling and casing of the last well of the project were completed on July 28, and full demobilization was completed on August 1, 1982. Unused pipe and reusable lumber ln' . left at the project site are stockpiled in the trees north and south of PS -1 (see y - Appendix A). As shown in Figure 2, preliminary field surveys, soil sampling for helium analyses, `,; and the testing of the 1979- drilled shallow wells (PS -1 and PS -2) began on June 22, and actual drilling of PS -3, the first of four deeper production wells, began in the evening of June 25. In order to obtain equilibrated temperature profiles and reservoir hydraulic heads at each of the six geothermal wells, an unplanned return visit to Pilgrim Springs was made in late September, seven weeks after all wells had been closed and locked. Because of severe storm conditions, this intended three -day assignment at Pilgrim Springs extended to a full week. The results of these late September data, however, have proved invaluable in our understanding of the geothermal resource of this area. ,., ^ '., All phases of the Pilgrim Springs project benefited greatly from the careful advance tF .' planning and scheduling required by DEPD and reported in the WCC Phase I report. � ...: With few exceptions, WCC was able to follow in the field the procedures of this advance planning, even though the entire schedule was delayed P g� about two weeks. g Y Some of the more serious unanticipated problems that delayed the progress of the drilling and testing program were: 1) An extended delay of 2 to 6 days for delivery of needed supplies from the barge lighterage yard in Nome. This involved a week of negotiating with the lighterage company and a delay of shipments up Taylor Highway. The promised 2 -day delivery schedule extended to 8 days for some major items. 7 h.. • Woodwartlayde 4a . 2) Radio communications to and from Pilgrim Springs were never satisfactory and, on several occasions, resulted in delayed activities on the project and unplanned charter flights from the Nome airport. Even with first -class radio equipment in operation on the project at all times, local atmospheric 2 ; storms made communications with Fairbanks and Anchorage impossible for several long periods. The setting of Pilgrim Springs in the communication shadow behind the Kigluaik Mountains makes radio conversations with Nome impossible. 3) Caving conditions in well PS -4, the intended deep well of the project, caused extended delays. A major cave -in at a depth of 881 feet resulted in the loss of a drill bit, stabilizer, and geophysical logging probe in the drill hole. This loss required the drilling of a fourth well and the air shipment of surface casing, drilling mud, and additional equipment to the project site. 2.2 PERMITS As discussed in detail in the WCC Phase I report, six types of permits and applications were obtained before proceeding with the Pilgrim Springs project. These are: • 1) Access to the Pilgrim Springs project area across public lands from the Taylor Highway, 2) Permits to drill and test geothermal wells on public and private lands, 3) Discharge permits, to dispose of geothermal fluids, k) Water- rights application, and 5) Impact to wetlands. 8 • • Woodward•Clyde { Eleven federal, state and local agencies were contacted to determine permit requirements and to obtain needed permits, applications, and letters of non - , objection. All permits were received before field activities began. For a list of agencies and individuals contacted, refer to the WCC Phase I report. r � 2.3 RESULTS OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS Detailed investigations of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal area by the Alaska SF .. Geophysical Institute was begun in 1974 and has been continued by this and other state agencies through 1980. Many of the results of these investigations (reports referenced in Section 9.0) provided a substantial background for WCC's 1982 drilling and testing program. A review of these early findings is included in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of this report. Every effort was made during the 1982 drilling and testing program to coordinate WCC activities with the earlier Geophysical Institute findings and reports. Because all earlier geophysical, shallow thermal gradient, and helium data and the 1979 well locations were referenced to an arbitrary 100 -meter field grid system established by the Geophysical Institute, the corresponding 1982 WCC field data were tied to a reconstruction of this same grid system (see Section 2.4 - Field Surveys). The d . expanded 1982 helium - sampling program (see Section 2.5) was designed to comple- ment the earlier studies of the Geophysical Institute, and Drs. Eugene Wescott and Donald L. Turner selected the sites for the 1982 WCC sampling. Also, the location of WCC's fourth well was sited to test the possibility that the inferred intersecting lineaments observed on satelite photographs might be the source of rising hot geothermal waters, as suggested by Dr. Turner. In 1979, Wescott and others (Turner and Forbes, 1980), using principally deep electrical resistivity measurements, conceptualized with detail and precision the vertical profile of the geothermal reservoir system in the vicinity of the present well field. The abrupt temperature inversion of the three -unit hydrothermal flow system (see Figure 19), verified by 1982 drilling, was clearly described in these earlier studies. This gives greater credence to the information on the thickness and lateral 9 • Considtants ry "1„ : extent of the shallow reservoir system, which is based largely on geophysical studies and as yet is unverified. A number of questions raised by Gosink and others (1980) have been addressed in this Phase II report (see Section 7.0 - Resource Assessment). Unfortunately, the 1982 drilling and testing program did not obtain answers to all of these questions. A 1 ,1 , scheme designed to obtain many of these answers is discussed in Section 8.0, Recommendations for Future Work. 2.4 FIELD SURVEYS As noted earlier, previous studies by the state used the 100 -meter grid system V, t established by the Geophysical Institute to identify all geophysical, shallow- temperature, and helium sampling and well locations in the field and on maps. This grid system was oriented in a north -south and east -west direction, with an origin arbitrarily located at a basketball standard north of the old Pilgrim Springs church. Unfortunately, most evidence of the 1979 100 -meter grid system was lost by March 1982 when WCC engineers first visited the area. All lath markers left in 1979 had ;. been systematically removed, the basketball standard had been moved, and only a ay, . few weathered pieces of flagging along grid lines were found tied to the trees. In order for the 1982 well locations and sampling sites to correlate with 1979 published data, it was necessary to re- establish the 1979 100 -meter grid system early in the Pilgrim Springs field investigation. However, since the 1979 grid system was tt� laid out using a Brunton compass for direction and a metered nylon thread for distance, it was accepted that 1) an exact replication of the earlier survey would not be possible; and 2) the inaccuracies of the re- established grid would increase the farther the grid lines extended from the point of origin. Problems of re- establishing the 1979 grid were the greatest in the heavily vegetated areas that cover about half of the grid area. The two wells drilled in 1979, wells PS -1 and PS-2, were the only landmarks found in 1982 in the area of principal interest that tied to the 1979 grid system. Thus, the 10 • Woodwardtyde Consultants coordinate locations of wells PS -1 and PS -2 reported by Klein (in Turner and Forbes, 1980, page 22) were used as the reference control for the 1982 re- established grid system. In the 1982 field surveys, PS -1 was assumed to be located 200 meters south and 150 meters west of the earlier point of origin. From PS -1, a north -south (calculated from a magnetic bearing taken at a point 100 -feet from well PS -1) and an ,h east -west 100 -meter grid system was laid out in the field. An engineer's transit and a specially calibrated 200- meter -long, braided -cable "chain" were used to layout the restored 100 -meter grid. Grid designations continued to reference distances south F and either east or west from the original grid origin near the church. On the f .. restored grid, the location of well PS -2 was measured to be 258.03 meters south and 208.30 meters west of the grid origin (instead of the 258 meters south and 207 1 <„ meters west reported by Klein). At no other location in the grid area was there an opportunity to measure in the field the accuracy of the 1982 survey in replicating the coordinate locations of the earlier 1979 survey. � , Figure 3 shows the location of the six geothermal wells (and the temperature contours of the 1979 shallow soil temperature survey) with respect to the restored grid system. Figure 4 shows the surveyed location of the six geothermal wells with respect to the location of well PS -2. Of particular interest was the shift of the west boundary of the private lands about 50 feet east from the location reported in the >t' earlier surveys (compare Figures 3 and 4 herein with Figure 3 of the Phase I report). This west boundary line was established by projecting a north -south line through a 1978 Bureau of Land Management boundary corner located about 432 feet north and 39 feet east of well MI -1. Table 1 gives the calculated metric coordinates of the six geothermal wells. In order to provide a basis for calculating hydraulic flow gradients throughout the geothermal well fields, a second -order level survey was completed in 1982. Since no established reference bench marks were known to exist in the Pilgrim Springs area, an arbitrary reference datum was established at well PS -3. The top of the upper 1} , flange on the 10 -inch gate valve (not the blank cover plate bolted above the upper flange) was assigned the arbitrary elevation of 25.00 feet above mean sea level. This appeared to be a reasonable elevation based on contours of the published U.S. 11 tiq Wo "Lard-Clyde Consuftants Geological Survey topographic map of the area. Corresponding measuring points on the other five geothermal wells in the area were established as the top of the upper flange on the main control valve on each well Surveyed elevations, based on the assumed PS -3 datum, were established at each well and at several of the local surface -water drainages. Table 1 gives the bench mark elevation of each of the six wells. 2.5 SOIL - HELIUM INVESTIGATION Concentrations of helium in surface soils have been correlated with geothermal anomalies in many areas of Alaska and the world. Such a correlation was confirmed at Pilgrim Springs in 1980 by Wescott and Turner (1981, pages 43 -47). During their study, the helium concentration of 24 soil samples, from a depth of 2.5 feet (75 cm) along two lines across the Pilgrim Springs thaw zone, were correlated with ground temperatures measured at a depth of 15 feet (4.5 m) at these same locations. For the WCC study, additional helium sampling was thought to be useful in further • defining the Pilgrim Springs geothermal anomaly and in siting the wells to be drilled , r in 1982. zk. Using a soil sampling array suggested by Wescott and Turner (Figure 3 of WCC Phase I report), 72 additional soil samples were collected from a depth of 2.5 feet with a 3- inch hand auger. Each sample was immediately sealed in an air -tight pint -sized can, using equipment and procedures supplied by HEXCO International, Inc., of 19423 N. Turkey Creek, Suite F, Morrison, Colorado 80465, telephone (303) 697 -6062. The canned samples were air - shipped to Colorado, where HEXCO completed the helium concentration assessments and telephoned the results to Alaska in time to assist in siting the last three wells of the project. Figure 5 shows the measured soil - helium concentrations at the 18 (1979) and 72 (1982) sampling sites. As can be seen in this figure, a reasonable correlation exists between the helium concentrations and the shallow temperature contours of the 1979 survey. At only two locations did the two sets of data show different trends. At coordinate 200S/250W, a relatively high helium concentration is not reflected in the 1Sy+ 12 Consultants �OOdvaa Cronsu 1tsi over- simplified configuration of the earlier temperature contours. Also, at coordinates 3255 and 3505/200W, the high helium values suggest that, with closer - spaced temperature data, the 70 °C contour of this earlier survey probably would have extended southward around these two locations. • Based on the results of both the soil -helium concentrations and the shallow temperature- gradient surveys at Pilgrim Springs, it is concluded that these two • surficial techniques do, in general, supplement and re- inforce each other in identifying deeper geothermal sources. In applying either technique, however, the significant influence of different soil types and varying soil- moisture conditions must be considered. 'f: 2.6 INVENTORY OF SUPPLIES LEFT AT PILGRIM SPRINGS Appendix A includes a detailed list of used and unused lumber, pipe and other supplies left at Pilgrim Springs after the 1982 field season. These supplies were • FM stockpiled in the trees immediately north and south of well PS -1. When the project closed, these supplies were in good condition and available for future use if needed. The cost of exporting these supplies to Nome by Nodwell was prohibitive. If a road is s completed into Pilgrim Springs in the near future, these supplies will have a resale • value in other areas and, therefore, are subject to theft if left unattended. • 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many organizations and individuals were involved in the successful completion of this * � n Pilgrim Springs project. To each, our gratitude and appreciation are extended. Special credit is given to Donald R. Markle of DEPD for his interest and close attention to the success of all aspects of the project. WCC's two subcontractors, Energy Services, Inc. (ESI) of Idaho Falls, Idaho (with engineers Jay Kunze and Ray Gould on site) and Exploration Supply and Equipment, Inc. (EXSCO) of Anchorage, Alaska (with president Vic Mittasch and drillers Mark Knight and Ernest Dennis) were t w' 13 • Wooterard-Clyde Consultants actively involved in the planning, mobilization, and drilling and testing of the ▪ project, and deserve much of the credit for the successful completion of this fY O, challenging investigation. .� }t Drs. Eugene Wescott and Donald Turner of the Alaska Geophysical Institute •' contributed essential background information and guidance. Also, Professor Michael Economides and graduate student Paul Chamberlin rendered invaluable field h assistance. Mary Moorman and her assistant and Dr. Clay Nichols of the Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys conducted extensive geochemical tests on well waters and gases in the field and laboratory. Also, Dr. Robert Forbes contributed numerous suggestions and ideas during the planning and completion of � the field investigations. Later, he reviewed the entire final report and contributed ,.. some of the discussion on the geologic setting and recommendations for future work at Pilgrim Springs. Special thanks and appreciation is expressed to C. J. Phillips, Nome, for the use of the buildings at Pilgrim Springs for living accommodations; Louis Green and family x . • . for use of equipment and services at Pilgrim Springs; Robert Bean for use of office facilities in Nome and special services throughout the project; Richard Foster of Foster Aviation and his pilots for continually scheduling flights and running errands under sometimes adverse conditions; Mr. Jim Thrasher for the use of his equipment ▪ yard in Nome and for giving assistance in several emergencies; and the many ▪ businesses in Nome that provided support to the project. To all of these we acknowledge their full support and cooperation. Representing Woodward -Clyde (WCC) on the project: Ben E. Lofgren served as project manager and principal author of the Phase I and Phase II reports, David L. Kirchner and Sheila Roebuck were hydrogeologists in the field and during the report preparation, Robert Dugan handled the logistics responsibilities and some geology assignments, and Charles Andrews contributed the section on resource assessment. 14 • • • Woodward-Clyde Consultants 3.0 DRILLING 3.1 INTRODUCTION Figure 3 shows the location of the two geothermal wells (designated PS -1 and PS -2) drilled in 1979 at Pilgrim Springs (Klein, 1980) in relation to the shallow thermal .;: contours of Osterkamp and others (1980). For precautionary reasons, these wells az were not drilled in the area of apparent highest shallow subsurface temperatures. Because of severe weather conditions during late 1979, these wells were not perforated or adequately tested when drilled. One of the assignments of the 1982 drilling and testing program was to perforate, conduct flow tests, and provide temperature logs of these wells and to assess their hydrothermal potential with the other geothermal wells scheduled to be drilled during 1982. K Also shown on Figure 3 are the locations of the four geothermal wells drilled during the 1982 season. These wells, designated P5 -3, PS -4, PS -5, and MI -1 (Mary's Igloo -1), were designed to be larger and deeper than the 1979 wells and were located to test the hotter and deeper part of the geothermal reservoir. MI -1 was sited on public lands designated as native - selection lands. For a more detailed description of the objectives and design features of these wells, see WCC Phase I report of this project. Figures 6 through 9 herein show completed depths and casing profiles of these four wells. Table 1 summarizes the completion information of all six wells. The results of the 1979 geothermal studies and drilling indicated that high fluid pressures and high reservoir temperatures could be encountered during the drilling of the 1982 geothermal wells. Because both high pressures and high temperatures make drilling more difficult, it was essential that a blow -out preventer be attached to a cemented well casing in the drill hole at all times. To provide for this protection, it was necessary to: 1) elevate the drill rig 4 feet above the land surface (see Figure 5, WCC Phase I report), and 2) to start each well with a surface string of 16 -inch casing followed by an inner 10 -inch casing, each tightly cemented throughout their depth to the formation (Figures 6 through 9). The telescoping sequence of casing sizes required by these wells used considerable additional time and materials but was 15 • a ,dwarcydeconsuftants necessary for the safety of the project. Figure 2 shows the dates when drilling of the four 1982 geothermal wells occurred. 3.2 WELL PS -3 *:° Well PS -3 was the initial introduction to the unusual drilling conditions of Pilgrim Springs. Not only were there continued problems of keeping the equipment operating 4W,,, and drilling supplies on hand in this remote area, but also, numerous delays resulted p 'L from tightly cemented zones and heaving conditions that sometimes closed the drilled hole before casing could be installed. PS -3 was spudded in at 1630 hours on June 25, 1982, using a 20 -inch auger bit. Hot water was immediately encountered at a depth of only 4 feet, and the loose sandy formation continued to slough into the =-_ augered hole. No cuttings were being brought to the surface. Bentonitic mud was added in an attempt to keep the hole open, but without success. Augering was 4k continued to a depth of 17 feet, where a cemented sandstone layer was encountered that was too hard for the auger bit to penetrate. At this depth, mud temperatures were alarmingly hot -- approximately 77 ° C at 17 feet. There was concern that blow- out conditions might be encountered in the well below what appeared to be a 17 -foot Mfr "caprock" and before casing could be cemented in the hole and the blow -out prevention equipment installed. At this point, 16 -inch casing was forced into the mud - filled hole to a depth of 17 feet, and this surface casing was tightly cemented to the formation. Inside the 16 -inch casing, a 14 -3/4 -inch drill bit rapidly drilled through the cemented sandstone. Drilling mud was added to keep the formation from caving, and the continuous circulation of cool drilling mud kept the temperatures in the mud - filled hole considerably cooler than formation levels. x . Ten -inch casing was lowered in the 14 -3/4 -inch drill hole to a depth of 58 feet (Figure 6), and this was also tightly cemented to the formation. After the cement of the 10 -inch casing had time to cure, the blow -out prevention equipment was bolted to the 10 -inch casing, and drilling continued through the blow -out preventer and 10 -inch casing using a 9 -7/8 -inch bit. 16 • Woodwardlycle Consultants Figure 6 shows the casing profile of well PS -3 as completed, and Table 1 gives a summary of well completion information. Well PS -3 was completed on July 4, nine days after it was begun. Blank 6 -inch casing extends to a depth of 167.5 feet, below which perforated 3-inch casing extends to the well bottom at a depth of 260 feet. The well is presently equipped with a 10 -inch gate valve bolted to the 10 -inch casing and with two 2 -inch discharge ports with 2 -inch valves. The main gate valve is padlocked for security and a concrete pad surrounds the 10 -inch casing. 3.3 WELL PS -4 Well PS -4 was scheduled to be the deepest well of the project; it was to be drilled to bedrock at an estimated depth of 1450 to 1500 feet. Drilling commenced on July 5, 1982, and proceeded much as described for PS -3 above. Surface strings of 16- and 10 -inch casing, with bottoms at 19 and 86.5 feet, respectively, were in turn drilled, cased, and then tightly cemented to the formation. Originally, the 8-inch casing was planned to extend to a depth of 250 to 300 feet, but heaving conditions stopped this casing at a depth of 187 feet. The 8 -inch casin g was also cemented to the formation. A 7 -7/8 -inch drill bit was used inside the 8 -inch casing to drill to an intended depth of about 1000 feet. In spite of the use of heavy drilling mud and special precautions, caving conditions persisited at several depths in this hole. After considerable delays, it was decided to condition the hole and set 6-inch casing at a depth of 890 feet. This depth was never achieved, however. At a depth of 881 feet on July 13, a cobble apparently caved into the drill hole completely locking in the drilling bit at the bottom of the hole. After several shifts of concerted effort to free the drill stem, it was decided to move the drill rig to the third well site, MI -1, while options on how to proceed with PS -4 and the drilling contract were reviewed. Well M1 -1 was completed in 3-1/2 days (see Subsection 3.5 below), and the drill rig was brought back and repositioned over well PS -4. Further attempts to free the drill stem were unsuccessful. Finally, excessive torque twisted off the drill pipe near bottom. On July 23, the decision was made jointly by DEPD and WCC to leave PS -4 in its present condition—uncased below a depth of 187.4 feet and with 70 feet of drill 17 • Worlikward.Clyde Consultants stem locked in the formation on bottom (see Figure 7). A 10 -inch gate valve was • bolted on the PS -4 casing head, and the drill rig was moved to the site of well PS -5. The principal problem in the drilling and casing of well PS -4 resulted from conditions beyond the control of the drilling crew and project management. Normally, when drilling in heaving formations such as at PS -4, the hole is drilled considerably larger ' than the intended casing diameter. Thus, to set a deep section of 8 -inch casing under these conditions, an 11 -inch or even a 13 -inch open hole would be drilled to allow for • some heave of the formation into the hole, as compared to the 9 -7/8 -inch hole drilled at PS -4. Also, after heaving conditions were known to exist, 6 -inch casing would normally call for a 9 -7/8 -inch or larger hole, instead of the 7 -7/8 -inch hole available at PS -4. On the Pilgrim Springs project, the tolerance between the casing diameter and the size of the drilled hole was determined months earlier, before the casing was purchased and shipped. These decisions, in turn, were determined by the size of drill rig that could be mobilized in Pilgrim Springs, and the number of casing size reduc- • tions deemed necessary to properly case and cement a deep geothermal well of high k' ` pressure and temperature. 3.4 WELL PS -5 When drilling problems were encountered in well PS -4 and the project contract was modified to include the drilling of a fourth well, a location for the fourth well was mutually agreed upon by DEPD and WCC. This location was selected to test the x' possibility of the intersection of the radar lineaments of Turner (Figure 3) as the locus of rising hot water from deep sources. Both the shallow thermal contours (Figure 3) and the soil - helium concentrations (Figure 5) suggested that this might be the case. A 1000 -foot production well at this site was stipulated in the amended contract by DEPD. Because a large marsh surrounded the area of actual lineament intersection, the well site was moved a few feet south and east of coordinate 5005/200W in order to achieve more suitable ground for drilling. The drilling and casing of well PS -5 progressed smoothly, particularly in the upper 500 feet. , The drilling of this well was begun on July 23 and completed six days later • 18 5 • Woodwartayde at a depth of 1001 feet (see Figure 8 and Table 1). Problems of heaving soils into the drill hole were encountered in well PS -5, much as had been experienced at PS -4. To minimize these problems, heavier drilling mud was used, and drilling and casing times were reduced as much as possible. Because a fourth well had not been planned, no 16 -inch and little 10 -inch 'casing were available on -site for PS -5. Short lengths of 16 -inch casing were purchased in Nome and flown into Pilgrim Springs. Also, the 10- inch casing was welded to the 8 -inch casing with a bell reducer. These were lowered in the drill hole and cemented to the formation as a single installation. Because this was the last well of the drilling project, clean -up operations and demobilization were in progress when PS -5 was properly cased and valved. The well was permitted to flow for more than 24 hours, at unrestricted rates of 30 to 60 gpm, r to flush out the drilling mud and develop the well Because of extensive cooling and drawdown effects due to the drilling and testing of this and other wells in the area, the discharge rates and temperature - profile of this well at the conclusion of its drilling were much lower than the equilibrated temperature and pressure conditions measured in late September. r 3.5 WELL MI -1 �3- The purpose for well MI -1 was to: 1) produce a significant hot -water supply on Mary's Igloo native- selection lands, and 2) evaluate the geothermal potential in the western �A. part of the geothermal anomaly. The drill site was selected on relatively high and dry ground, within the 70 ° C temperature contour (Figure 3), and west of the property boundary of the private lands. Drilling of well MI -I began on July 15 and was completed four days later at a depth of 307 feet. As shown in Figure 9, after the surface string of 16 -inch casing was set and cemented in the well, a 14 -3/4 -inch hole was drilled to a depth of 232 feet. At this point, a welded string of perforated 6 -inch, blank 8 -inch, and blank 10 -inch casing, connected with concentric bell reducers, was lowered into the open hole and cemented 'to the formation. Below 232 feet, 75 feet of perforated 3 -inch casing was installed in the well. 19 \ / 4110 • rclayde Consethants } � \ It is apparent from the construction of well MJ-1 that the hot water aquifers in the \ \\ m- kl2- otdephzone have been cased off and that the only water discharged \ \ from this well in its present cond is are the cooler waters below 151 feet. The well was Ieft in this condition mtnionlly Because the deeper waters in this well are the coolest and lowest in dissolved solids of all waters measured in the entire Pgglm�ensa�,tiswelma be moevlua ea a of ® ^ supply than as asgc�gahrmahea.mteeettaaded6o ismaet \ � � \ y. use wll - las agohrmal wk\te8inhc6n cnesllybe�ugd�te \ \ 151-foot depth, and shot perforations opened in the upper (40- to 120-foot) heated ' « i } < interval. 20 • . • Woodward•Cl Consultants 4.0 GEOLOGY 4.1 GEOLOGIC SETTING a The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area is located about 40 miles north of Nome, Alaska, in the lowlands of the Pilgrim River Valley (Figure 10). The Pilgrim River Valley is the western extension of a probable rift valley system, which also includes the Kuzitrin Valley to the east. The Pilgrim Valley is bounded on the south by the Kigluaik Mountains, which rise abruptly from the valley floor as a north - facing escarpment developed along an active range -front fault (Turner and Forbes, 1980). This fault is seismically active and had experienced displacement in Holocene time (within the last 10,000 years). Mary's Peak and Hen and Chickens Mountain, located on a low ridge about 3 miles north of Pilgrim Springs, are composed of granitic gneisses, intrusive granites and rare amphibolites -- a composition similar to the units exposed along the Kigluaik escarpment on the south side of the valley (Turner and Forbes, 1980; Turner and others, 1981). The Kigluaik Complex appears to be a gneiss dome, and the grey paragneisses in the core have yielded a Rb -Sr isochron age of 735 million years (Gunder and others, 1977); however, the coarse - grained orthogneisses along the margin of the complex (including the gneisses on Hen and Chickens Mountain) and the intrusive granitic , rocks have given Cretaceous K -Ar ages. Fault traces on both sides of the valley system indicate that the valley floor is relatively downthrown, but the actual amount of vertical displacement is not known. Also in doubt is the thickness of the sedimentary fill. Seismic and gravity surveys conducted by Kienle and Lockhart (Turner and Forbes, 1980) indicate that the thickness of the sedimentary fill is no less than 1500 feet. Based on previous work by Kline (Turner and Forbes, 1980) and Hopkins (1963) and drill hole data presented in this report, the valley fill includes both alluvial and glaciofluvial deposits, and possible lacustrine sands and silts. Tertiary conglomerates and sands have been mapped by Hopkins (1963) in exposures along the Kuzitrin River, 21 • Consultants east of Pilgrim Springs. Also, Tertiary sections are known to occur in other tectonic basins or downwarps on the Seward Peninsula including McCarthy's Marsh and Death Valley in the Bendeleben Quadrangle. Therefore, it is highly probable that the lower part of the valley fill under Pilgrim Springs includes Tertiary sediments. The possible presence of Tertiary sedimentary rocks at Pilgrim Springs is important x:' to subsurface geothermal models of the site, as warm sodium chloride type briney ➢, water has been recovered from Tertiary sands in test wells near Kotzebue and Cape Espenberg (Nimiuk No. 1 and Cape Espenberg No. 1, drilled by Chevron Oil Co., under an agreement with Northwest Alaska Native Association). The chemistry of these waters is similar to that discharged from Pilgrim Springs and from wells' penetrating the shallow aquifer underlying the springs, as determined from analyzed dissolved constituents. Although no reliable downhole heat flow data are yet available for the Seward Peninsula, the anomalously high uranium- thorium content of the crystalline basement rocks that underlie the region suggest that the geothermal gradient may contain a 8 g 8 Y significant increment of radiogenic heat (Forbes, 1980). Crystalline basement rocks underlying the sedimentary fill of the Pilgrim River Valley should be similar to those exposed along the Kigluaik escarpment and the hills to the north. No doubt these rocks also contain abnormally high concentrations of uranium and thorium. Basaltic volcanism, probably associated with tensional tectonics and rifting, has produced vents and basalt fields in the Imuruk Lake and Agiapuk areas, east and west of Pilgrim Springs, respectively. Basaltic volcanism began about 30 million years ago (Kugruk Series, Imuruk area) and has continued up to the present, as demonstrated by the Lost Jim Cone and associated tholeiitic flows that erupted a few thousand years ago (Turner and others, 1981; Hopkins, 1963). According to Turner and others, the basalt flows north of Teller ( Agiapuk field) were erupted about 2 -1/2 million years ago. Although recent basalt flows and vents do not occur in the immediate vicinity of Pilgrim Springs, the possibility of subsurface emplacement of basaltic magma in the valley fill section should be considered in geothermal models. 22 Woody& Clyde Consultants 4.2 PREVIOUS GEOLOGIC AND GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS Prior to the reconnaissance of Forbes and others in 1974, Pilgrim Springs had been classified as a Known Geothermal Resource Area by the Department of Interior, but assessments of the geothermal potential of the Pilgrim Springs system had been restricted to estimated reservoir temperatures based on chemical geothermometry. Thermal spring water temperatures had been used in the calculations, as measured in upwelling pools at the surface. According to the earlier work of Waring (1917) and Miller and others, (1975), the maximum measured spring water temperatures were about 60 ° C. Upon examination of photography of snow melt during the early stages of break -up in the Pilgrim Springs area, Forbes and his associates at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, made to a most interesting discovery. It was apparent that the `: total area of unseasonably warm ground in the vicinity of the springs exceeded the A warming effect that could be explained by several small conduits of hot spring water emerging at the surface. This discovery led to the reconnaissance expedition to the Pilgrim Springs area in 1973. When Forbes and his colleagues inserted thermistor probes into the soft sediment of the surrounding areas of upwelling thermal waters, they were surprised to find these upwelling points were actually small convection cells that involved the mixing of much hotter saline water from a source at depth and ground water from the thawed layer near the surface. This discovery clearly disqualified any dependence upon estimated reservoir temperatures based on geothermometric calculations derived from the chemistry of spring water samples. A subsequent perusal of Landsat imagery confirmed the large area of abnormally warm ground around Pilgirm Springs. This lead to the decision to further explore the r:. Pilgrim Springs system. These early studies lead to the subsequent field research projects of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, and the most recent { drilling and testing program by private contract, which is the subject of this report. 23 • Woodward. Itan s i .'. 4.3 GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN THE WELL FIELD ` The most detailed information available on the Pilgrim Springs geology consists of data obtained from the six test wells drilled within the thermally disturbed zone (see Figure 3). Two wells, PS -I and PS -2, were drilled and cased in 1979 and perforated in dune 1982. The remaining four wells, PS -3, PS -4, PS -5 and MI -1, were drilled, 4 cased and perforated in the summer of 1982. During the drilling of wells PS -1 and PS -2, drill cuttings and drive samples were inspected and recorded on drilling logs (see Kline, 1980). The drillers were unable to h. obtain any drive samples below about 100 feet because of the high density and induration of sediments. The remainder of PS -1 and PS -2 were logged to total depths of 160 and 150 feet, respectively, by inspecting cutting samples collected at 5 -foot intervals. is The 1982 drilling program did not call for core sampling. Instead, a geologist's log for each test hole was prepared based on drill cuttings collected at 5 -foot intervals (see Appendix B for summarized field logs and Figure 11 for a generalized geologic r log). The maximum depth penetrated during the 1982 investigation was 1,001 feet in PS -5. A core barrel was used briefly in PS -4 to collect core samples in the interval between 85 and 95 feet below surface. These samples were submitted to the University of Alaska Petroleum Engineering Department for permeability and porosity analyses. The results of these tests are discussed below. Geophysical logs were scheduled for each of the Pilgrim Springs boreholes to aid in the geologic interpretations of the geothermal reservoir system. These logs usually prove useful in the evaluation of stratigraphy, formation thicknesses, and water- quality changes (particularly salinity), and in the correlation of stratigraphy throughout the well field. Because of the remoteness of the site and budget constraints, a portable Well Reconnaissance model geophysical logger provided by EXSCO was used at Pilgrim Springs. The equipment was operated by Vic Mittasch (EXSCO) and David Kirchner (WCC). 24 • • Woodward. Clyde COI1 , , Si1S �.x With the Well Reconnaissance equipment, the following logs can normally be obtained: po_ - sin le int resistance (RES) and spontaneous potential (SP) in open or uncased holes, and natural amma radiation in either open cased g pe holes. Because of caving borehole conditions :icons in g most of the boreholes, and the eventual loss of the r downhole geophysical probe in well PS -4, the desired logs for several of the boreholes were not obtained. In fact, SP and RES logs were obtained only for most of the depth of borehole PS -3, and gamma logs were obtained only in boreholes PS -3 and PS-4. Attempts to procure downhole equipment to replace the equipment lost in PS- } 4 were not in time for the logging of boreholes MI -1 and PS-5. Table 2 gives a summary of the geophysical logs obtained from the Pilgrim Springs boreholes. , Copies of the geophysical logs obtained from PS -3 and PS -4 are included in • Appendix B. In general, for the logs obtained from PS -3 and PS -4, their use was for qualitative rather than quantitative interpretations. Absolute formation parameters, such as porosity, permeability and water saturation, cannot be calculated from logs of the Well Reconnaissance logger. Relative changes in these parameters can be obtained • from these logs, however. Because only two of the six boreholes at Pilgrim Springs were logged with this equipment, a correlation of geologic formations throughout the • well field or even between wells PS -3 and PS -4 was not possible. The SP and RES logs of borehole PS -3 were most useful for estimating formation characteristics. From the RES logs, two zones of high permeability are suggested, one 8 feet thick from 67 to 75 feet below land surface; the second 15 feet thick from 167 to 182 feet below land surface. Based on evaluations of drilling data collected in 1979 (Kline, 1980) and in 1982 and on interpretations presented in earlier reports (Turner and Forbes, 1980; Wescott and Turner, 1981), the following generalizations can be made about the sediments in the Pilgrim Springs area. The sediments in the upper 1000 feet of the thermally disturbed part of the valley M1 +'. are fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits. They were deposited by the ancient Pilgrim River and its tributaries, which meandered across the valley during the Quaternary 25 • Woodwat"d• Consu taflts and possibly the Tertiary periods. The deposits include channel, floodplain, and ry overbank deposits. The channel deposits include fine- to coarse - grained sand, gravel and conglomerate units that were probably deposited in paleochannels and point bars. The sediments typically coarsened downward, as evidenced by visual inspection of cuttings, core samples, and the SP and RES logs. These sediments are characterized by the typical -. "salt and pepper" appearance as described by Kline (1980). - k Visual inspection of drill cuttings revealed that the valley alluvium is composed predominantly of quartz grains and fragments of dark - colored slate and phylite. Pyrite is abundant in some depth zones, suggesting anthigenic formation in a geothermal environment. Biotite was also abundant at some depths. The subrounded to rounded shapes of the pebbles and cobbles in the coarse - grained gravels and } conglomerates are indicative of reworked stream channel deposits. Fine - grained silty sand and clayey silts are abundant through the entire penetrated section. The finer- grained deposits are indicative of floodplain and overbank deposits. Two individual core runs were made in PS -4 in the interval between 85 and 95 feet • below ground surface. Following is a field description of those core samples: .y. Depth Field (feet) Description 85 to 87 lost core 87 to 87.5 Sandstone, grey, fine- to medium- grained; moderately well sorted, faintly bedded, relatively high porosity and permeability. Composed of predominantly subangular quartz, with biotite, muscovite, garnet( ?). Friable to moderately well cemented. Matrix rnaterial is silt. 87.5 to 89.3 Same as above, but very fine - grained to fine- grained; high porosity and permeability. 89.3 to 90.0 Sandy siltstone, light grey to greyish brown; very fine- grained; friable to moderately cemented. 26 ti { .ro- • . Woodwa d-C yd@ Consultants z.' hi Depth Field (f eet) Description 90-94 Sandstone (as at 87.5) but medium- to coarse- grained. 94 -95 Sandstone- Con4lomerate grey to black, pebbre conglomerate in medium- grained subangular sandstone matrix; pebbles to 3/4 -inch, coarsens downward; pebbles are subangular quartz, quartzite( ?) and argillite( ?). Friable to poorly cemented. (None of the samples in this 85- to 95 -foot interval effervessed with dilute MCI.) Mineralogical and hydraulic tests were performed by the Petroleum Engineering Department of the University of Alaska at Fairbanks (written communication, Christine Ehlig - Economidies, August 3, 1982). Analyses were performed on PS -4 core samples collected from the 90- to 95 -foot interval. The results of x -ray diffraction analyses revealed the major constituents to be quartz with minor amounts of muscovite and traces of calcite. Kline (1980) presents a good description of mineralogy in his report. Based on field examination, the only physical evidence of hydrothermal mobilization and redeposition of silica was observed in a sandstone encountered in PS -4 at 868 feet below ground surface. Translucent to opaque SiO cement was observed between individual sand grains in fragments of the sandstone. A significant decrease in drilling rate was observed from 868 feet to a total depth of 881 feet. Other zones of cementation and /or hydrothermally altered intervals may have been encountered at shallower depths as evidenced by slow drilling rates. However, the drilling techniques employed during this investigation made it virtually impossible to obtain representative undisturbed samples. It is likely that if a continuous core had been obtained from the section, other hydrothermally cemented zones might have been is identified. During the lithologic logging of wells PS -3 and PS -4, a small magnet was used to assess if any magnetite were present in the cuttings. Based on visual observation and the magnet procedure, no magnetite was detected in any of the samples. The pyrite, which was abundant in well- defined zones in all of the 1982 wells and frequently 27 • Woodward-Clyde Consultants exhibited large euhedral crystals, is a common indicator of geothermal conditions and was so considered in the log interpretations. The results of the hydraulic testing by the University of Alaska on selected core samples between 90 to 95 feet showed values of porosity that ranged from 24 to 39.6 percent. The permeability values of one sandstone plug, reported in Darcy units for ;. both vertical and horizontal directions, were 0.0025 and 0.0051, respectively. F:. Based on these laboratory permeability tests, inspection of drill cuttings and core r samples, SP and RES logs, and temperature and flow data, it appears that the most likely zones contributing significant amounts of water to wells are from 65 to 75 feet and from 167 to 182 feet below ground surface. Additional field studies would be necessary to verify that these intervals are the producing zones. If complete , geophysical logs of each of the boreholes had been available, other likely producing zones might have been identified. ? ;r z , r {, 28 Consultants 5.0 WELL TESTING '' 5.1 INTRODUCTION Four types of well -test data were collected during the testing of the geothermal wells at Pilgrim Springs. These included: 1) pressure - interference effects among wells, 2) geochemistry of the well- discharge waters, 3) temperature gradient and hydrothermal tests, and 4) hydraulic tests to evaluate reservoir - system parameters. Although many sets of test data were recorded during the actual drilling of each of the wells, for the most part, these represented transient conditions and provided little precise interpretive value. The test data of most value in assessing the x characteristics of the reservoir system were generally collected either during the initial stages of drilling, before fluid circulation in the well began, or after the well was completed and formation fluid pressures and temperatures were equilibrated to undisturbed conditions. A discussion of the results of the above tests are included in the following sections. Interpretive results of these tests are graphically presented in Figures 12 through 25, and in tabular form in Appendices C and D. 5.2 INTERFERENCE EFFECTS AMONG WELLS Throughout the drilling and testing program, numerous short -term interference tests among the completed wells were conducted. In these tests, the pressure head in one or more shut -in observation wells was closely monitored to detect possible drawdown interferences when a nearby discharge well was opened. Because all six wells at Pilgrim Springs are artesian and close together, drawdown effects among nearby wells of the same depth should occur quite rapidly. In general, distinct well interferences were measured between wells PS -1 and PS -2, both when PS -1 was the flowing well and when PS -2 was the flowing well. Drawdown interferences between wells PS -1 or PS -2 and other wells and among the 1982 wells themselves were more subtle because of greater distances and a difference in depth 29 • . Woodward -Clyde Consultants of the well perforations. This suggests that a series of horizontal aquitards • effectively separate wells of different depths in the cluster. As discussed in Sections 43 and 5.5 below and as suggested in Figure 20, the pressure and temperature of ground water are depth- related throughout the well field. Intimate interferences are thus expected among wells perforated in the same depth zone, and less intimate effects should occur in wells of different depth zones. ' ` Data from a typical interference test, in which shut -in pressures in PS -2 were recorded while PS -1 was flowing, are shown below: Time Pressure Time Pressure (minutes) (psig) (minutes) (psig) 0 3.5 20 1.6 8 2.9 22 1.5 12 2.4 24 1.3 14 2.3 27 1.1 16 2.1 29 1.0 17 2.0 30 0.9 18 1.9 31 0.8 kj ( a ) Time since PS -1 was opened; flow rate at 30 to 35 gpm el= k As shown, 6.2 feet of water -level decline (2.7 psig) occurred in well PS -2 about 31 minutes after PS -1 was opened and permitted to flow at a rate of 30 to 35 gpm. From these test data, an aquifer system permeability of 90 gpd /ft (4.5 Darcys) was estimated for the hot -water zone tapped by these two wells (Economides and others, 1982). 5.3 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WELL WATERS Months before the Pilgrim Springs project began, assistance was requested by M.A. a Moorman of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey in making geochemical studies of water and gas from the six geothermal wells at Pilgrim Springs. In response to this request, access to the wells and other support assistance 30 fA • • Woodward•Clyde Consultants were provided. As the drilling and testing progressed, Moorman collected and evaluated numerous samples in the field. Some of the analytical work was completed at the well site; other required the preparation and shipment of samples to Fairbanks for laboratory testing. Since DGGS assumed responsibility to analyze the well waters for common constituents, no duplication of this effort was undertaken by WCC. Table 3 gives the preliminary results of chemical analyses of water samples collected from wells and springs at Pilgrim Springs. Samples were collected and analyzed by M.A. Moorman of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. For a comprehensive interpretive analysis of the geochemistry and physical characteristics of these Pilgrim Springs waters, see Moorman and others (1983). As shown in Table 3, the geochemistry of waters from wells PS -1 and PS -2 are uniformly hot, low in salinity, of low pH, and high in total dissolved solids. Well M1 -1, which is perforated below the shallow thermal aquifer, is cool, low in salinity and dissolved solids, and of high pH. Wells PS -3, PS -4 and PS -5, each perforated below the thermal aquifer, are mostly intermediate between these two extremes. For comparative purposes, a series of specific conductance measurements of well and surface waters were made on July 17, 1982 by WCC. Two weeks later, well PS -5 was completed and its conductivity measurement was added to the list. On the conductivity scale of the meter used, one micromho per centimeter equals roughly 0.7 parts per million (ppm) of total dissolved solids. The results of these measurements, uncorrected for temperature differences, are as follows: Approximate Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Source (micromhos per centimeter) (parts per million) Pilgrim River, east of Church 150 100 Pilgrim Springs Spa 12,000 ` 8,400 PS -1 13,000 9,100 PS-2 9,500 6,600 PS -3 4,100 2,900 PS -4 270 190 PS -5 1,100 800 MI -1 300 210 31 • Woodward -Clyde Consultants As with pressure and temperature, the quality of ground water throughout the area seems to be controlled largely by depth, with high - temperature shallow waters (less than 150 feet deep) being high in total dissolved solids, and the deeper cool waters being low in total dissolved solids. If this is the case, Pilgrim Springs is probably R t ' recharged from the same shallow aquifer system as tapped by well PS -1. a r .a Significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide gas are released to the atmosphere when hot waters of the shallow thermal aquifer system are permitted to flow from either wells or springs. Hydrogen sulfide can be dangerous to human health at concentrations above 20 ppm for 15 minutes and flammable at concentrations above 4.3 percent. Under most outdoor conditions at Pilgrim Springs, concentrations of hydrogen sulfide should present no problems. Those working around wells discharging thermal waters should be fully aware of problems that might occur. Using an air sampling tube, hydrogen sulfide vapors from well PS -2 were measured at 7 ppm, and from PS -3 at 1 ppm. Table 3 shows the hydrogen sulfide content of thermal waters from wells and springs to range between 2.2 and 4.4 ppm. 14 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND PROFILES One of the characteristics of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal anomaly is the ; extremely high thermal gradients in surficial soils. As shown in Figure 3, soil temperatures as high as 50 °C to 80 ° C at a depth of 15 feet (4.5 meters) were measured in 1979 throughout the area of geothermal drilling. While collecting soil samples for helium- concentration measurements in June 1982 (Section 2.6), several samples from a depth of 2.5 feet were noticeably very hot to the touch. 3;. High near - surface temperatures were also recorded at each of the 1982 well sites while augering with the drilling rig to set the surface string of casing. In fact, the shallow temperature gradient in well PS -3 was so high (76.7 ° C) at a depth of 17 feet that the threat of flashing -steam conditions were projected for depths too shallow to 32 • Woodward•Ciyde Consultants control with weighted drilling mud and blow -out prevention equipment. As drilling in this and each of the other wei! however, temperatures quite progressed e s e er em eratures never > > P q r reached the boiling point at any of the four sites. Y s. Following are measured soil temperatures at shallow depths in each of the four wells drilled in 1982. Each temperature was taken of soil cuttings brought to the surface on a 20 -inch auger bit, and before circulating drilling fluids were used. Also listed are temperatures extrapolated from the 1979 survey data of Figure 3. Approximate 1982 Soil 1979 Soil Depth Temperature Temperature Well (feet) ( ° C) ( ° C at 15 feet) PS -3 15 70.0" 80+ 17 76.7 PS -4 12 53.3 15 65.0 65+ 18 75.6 PS -5 1 27.8 2 33.3 4 38.3 7 42.2 10 52.2 15 68.9 65+ MI -I 6 40.0 12 60.0 15 67.0" 70+ 16 68.9 19 71.1 Extrapolation from Figure 12 Figure 12 is a graphical plot of the above shallow soil - temperature data. The temperature curve of MI -1 shows perturbations in the data below 15 feet, and the curve for PS -5 suggests temperature disturbances above 5 feet. The apparent decrease in thermal gradient below 15 feet in MI -1 is probably due to caving conditions and mixing of formation temperatures in the uncased hole below the water 33 • • Woodward Clyde Consultants table. The abrupt departure of the PS -5 temperature curve from the straight line above 5 feet is probably caused by the recent flooding of an extensive nearby marsh by the influx of well water from PS -4. A generalization of the shallow gradients of Figure 12 suggests that throughout the 1982 drilling area, the near - surface thermal gradient is about 70 ° C per 20 feet of thickness. This rate calculates to 350 ° C per 100 feet of depth (or more than 300 times a normal thermal gradient). This was the reason for concern that "blow -out" • conditions might develop at several of the well sites before blow -out prevention equipment could be installed. "- Numerous measurements of drilling fluid inflow and outflow temperatures were � g P recorded as the drilling of each well progressed. For the most part, these represented transient conditions with little interpretive value. Even at the pry: conclusion of the drilling and testing program, it was apparent that static temperatures and pressures in the wells were still adjusting to undisturbed conditions. In order to get equilibrated temperature and pressure data for the well field, it was necessary to schedule a return trip to Pilgrim Springs in late September 1982, six weeks after the drilling and testing programs were completed. The solid curves of Figures 13 through 18 show the temperature profile of each of the six geothermal wells under no -flow conditions, as measured on September 25 through 27, 1982. These profiles are plotted from precise downhole measurements of the water column in each well, as measured at selected depths with a FENWAL • model UUT -5131 thermister instrument. Although the absolute accuracy of this instrument is probably not closer than 1 0 C, the differential accuracy during a series of measurements is probably closer than 0.02 ° C. There is a serious question, however, as to how accurately the measured water temperatures represent formation • temperatures outside the casing at the same depths. Because of thermal convection in the well casing, especially in the upper 100 feet of depth where colder, heavier water overlies the warm, light water, measured temperatures may be somewhat less than true values in the formations. The dashed curve of Figures 13 through 18 represents a corresponding temperature profile under flow conditions, in which evidence of possible zones of either hot or cold influx to the well are sought. Temperature data for the September 25 -27 surveys are tabulated in Appendix C. 34 • Woodward-Clyde Consultants The degree of possible thermal mixing due to convection that may have occurred in each of the wells prior to their temperature profiles of September 25-27 is suggested in the comparison of shallow soil temperatures with water temperatures inside the . casing. As shown in Figure 13, the 1979 temperature of well PS-1 at a depth of 15 feet (4.5 meters) was about 63 °C (Figure 3), which is almost exactly the temperature of the equilibrated well water at this depth in September 1982. This suggests very little thermal mixing occurring in the well casing. In well PS -2, however, the September 1982 shut -in water temperature (Figure 14) at a depth of 15 feet was more than 7 °C cooler than the 1979 soil temperature at this same depth. This suggests that significant mixing due to convection is continuing in well s PS -2. A similar analysis of the four 1982 wells, comparing 1982 shallow soil temperatures (Figure 12) with water temperatures of corresponding depth, indicates y _ . that little thermal mixing is occurring in well PS -3 (Figure 15), and considerable thermal mixing is occurring in wells PS -4 (Figure 16), PS -5 (Figure 17), and MI -1 (Figure 18). Note that since wells PS -1 and PS -2 (Table 1) are perforated only in the high- , temperature depth zone, the flowing water temperatures remained high throughout the effective well depth (Figures 13 and 14). In a similar way, the temperature of flowing water in the other four wells reflect the cool temperatures of their formation source, and are only slightly warmed in passing upward through the shallow thermal aquifer system. Figure 19 shows a correlation of the static temperature profiles of the six wells (Figures 13 through 18). All wells apparently conform to the same hydrothermal reservoir model, as evidenced from: 1) a gradual trend of increasing temperatures from the surface to a maximum high - temperature zone at a depth of 65 to 80 feet; 2) a rapid temperature decrease to roughly surface temperatures at a depth of 150 to 250 feet; and followed by 3) what appears to be an independent thermal gradient related to a heat source at depth. Two types of heat transfer are suggested from the curves of Figure 19: 1) horizontal movement of ground water at shallow depth, which transfers heat from an undefined shallow heat source area throughout the well -field hot spring area and which is 35 • Woodward•Clyde Consultants responsible for the high temperatures above a depth of about 200 feet; and 2) a conductive heat that is transferred vertically upward from an undefined underlying heat source. Even though the temperatures of PS -4 are about 18 ° C higher than those of PS -5 between the 250- to 500 -foot depth, both have a gradient of about 2.2 ° C per 100 feet. This gradient is about two -times the normal temperature gradient of a non- geothermal area and confirms earlier conclusions of Wescott and others (Turner and Forbes, 1980) that were based on geophysical studies. There is little evidence from the 1982 data to indicate the direction of either the ground -water flow or the heat source for the circulating water in the shallow, high - temperature aquifer system. The static heads in the six geothermal wells provide no clue, since the differences in artesian heads are affected largely by the depth of the well (Figure 20). Maximum temperatures in the 60- to 90 -foot depth zone for the six geothermal wells (Figure 19) show a general increase northward, suggesting that the 3F geothermal source of heat for this shallow reservoir might be located somewhere north of the well field. This may be a significant indicator. The wells with the higher temperatures (PS -1 and PS -2), however, have a 4 -inch casing inside 6 -inch • casing, and probably have less thermal convection in the well. These temperature gradients are inconclusive. 5.5 EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR PARAMETERS Numerous flow tests of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal wells were performed to calculate the hydraulic characteristics of the geothermal reservoir system. These tests also were used to evaluate the production characteristics of the wells. Most of the tests were performed by maintaining a constant discharge of an individual well and measuring the change in head in that well and surrounding observation wells. Head changes in these wells were then usually measured for a brief time after the flowing well was shut -in. Most of the tests were run from 2 to 6 hours, which is - sufficient for analysis of drawdown data from the flowing well. In some cases, the tests were run at two rates of flow; information from these "step" tests can aid in the evaluation of production characteristics of individual wells. Each of the six geothermal wells was tested at least once, and all wells had heads above land surface throughout the testing period. 36 • WoodW Clyde Consultants Evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of saturated sediments normally involves the determination of two parameters: 1) transmissivity (T), which equals the hydraulic conductivity times the saturated thickness of the aquifer system; and 2) storage coefficient (S). Transmissivity is a measure of the ability of the formation to transmit ground water; the storage coefficient is a measure of the ability of the rock to store (and then release) ground water. Most of the aquifer tests at Pilgrim Springs involved measurements of water -level changes in the discharge well only, because observation wells of the same depth generally do not exist. Interpretations from recording only head changes in the production well tests gave fairly reliable estimates of T, but not of S. The data were plotted on semi - logarithmic paper (drawdown versus time plots) and analyzed by a common straight -line technique (Cooper and Jacob, 1946). A similar plot and ;:, analysis of recovery data can be made of water -level data from the production well after the discharge has stopped. Another technique of calculating transmissivity was used when the amount of test data was insufficient for the straight -line calculations. If only the discharge rate (Q), total drawdown (A) in the discharge well, and length of time (T) of the constant discharge test are known, then a method first developed by Theis (and published by Ferris and others, 1962) was used to estimate T. Generally, the reliablity of this estimate is less than that obtained from the straight -line analysis. In only one instance were calculations of drawdown effects in an observation well used (Economides and others, 1982). Analysis of Data The hydraulic -test data collected during the six -week field investigation were reviewed and evaluated in terms of completeness and quality. Much of the test data was not analyzed because: length of test was too short; little or no water -level data were obtained from the flowing well; more than one well was flowing during a test; and observation wells had variable completion depths. All the data that appeared useful were analyzed using the drawdown data from the flowing well itself. Some of these analyses are still affected by unexplainable deviations of water -level data, possible partial penetration of previously tested wells, possible interference from the recovery of previously tested wells, and insufficient time period for flow tests and measurement of recovery. From the test data that were analyzed, moderately 37 • • Woodward -Clyde Consultants reliable estimates of T were obtained. These estimates are summarized in Table 4. No estimates of S were made during the study. All data used in the analysis are tabulated in Appendix D. Well PS -1 - As discussed in Section 5.4, an interference test was run on well PS -1. This test provided the data for calculating aquifer - system parameters. With PS -1 flowing at a constant rate of 30 to 35 gpm, the static -water level was recorded (Economides and others, 1982). A log -log graph of water -level declines versus time was analyzed by type curve matching, from which a permeability of 4.5 Darcys was calculated (Economidies and others, 1982, pages 4 to 5). r From the above, a hydraulic conductivity of the thermal aquifer system in the vicinity of well PS -1 was calculated to be 90 gpd /ft Assuming a 40 -foot effective thickness for the aquifer system, the formation transmissivity would be about 3600 gpd /ft. Well PS -2 - A flow test was performed on well PS -2 on July 1 -3, 1982, from which a rough approximation of formation transmissivity has been calculated. During the test, the flow rate ranged from 40.6 gpm to less than 25 gpm after 800 minutes (Appendix Table E -1, p. 2), after which the valve was regulated to maintain a flow of about 36 gpm until the end of test at 3518 minutes. Figure 21 is a semi - logarithmic plot of the head (or drawdown) verses time for PS-2, the flowing well. A straight line analysis (Cooper and Jacob, 1946) was applied to the early and late data of Figure 21 during which the discharge rate was roughly 36 gpm. From these data, a rough T -valve of 12,600 gpd /ft was obtained. Using the perforated interval of PS -2 for the thickness of the aquifer, a hydraulic conductivity of 420 gpd /ft was calculated. Well PS -4 - A two -step test was performed on well PS -4 on July 23, 1982. The flow rate averaged about 50 gpm for the first 226 minutes and then was stepped up x , to 120 gpm for the final 146 minutes of the test. Figure 22 is a semi - logarithmic plot of head versus time data for PS-4 for the first step of the test. The second test did not contribute to the analysis. Straight -line analysis was applied to the data from 20 to 200 minutes; a T -value of 41,000 gpd /ft was obtained. Using the total 38 • • rj Woodward•Clyde C.onsuitants open borehole of PS -4 for the thickness of the deposits tested, a hydraulic conductivity was calculated at 60 gpd /ft Head levels were also measured in PS -1, PS -2, PS -3, and M1 -1; the data were not a, analyzed because the observation wells were only partially completed in the zone open to PS -4. The effect of this partial penetration can be seen in the data by noting that PS -3 and M1 -1 had an equal amount of head change, although their respective • distances from PS -4 are quite different. Generally, the data from the observation • wells were sparse and showed only slight effects when PS -4 was flowing. Well Ml -1 - On July 25, 1982, a two -step flow test was performed on MI -1. The first • step lasted for 70 minutes and had a recorded flow rate of 21 gpm; the second step was 102 minutes long and had a flow rate of 75 gpm. Figure 23 is a semi - logarithmic plot of head versus time for the flowing well MI -1. The first step shows a very good linear trend and indicates a T -value of 2500 gpd /ft. MI -1 is completed over 156 feet; a hydraulic conductivity of 16 gpd /ft was calculated. Data were not collected from any of the nearby observation wells during this test. Recovery data from MI -1 were not analyzed because the test was conducted in two steps. Well PS -3 - A two -step flow test was performed on well PS -3 on July 27, 1982. The test was conducted at a flow rate of 21 gpm for 61 minutes and at a rate of 43 gpm for 99 minutes. Figure 24 shows a semi - logarithmic plot of head versus time for PS- 3 for the first step. Although the first constant flow step is rather short, a straight - line segment of the data was identified between 5 and 25 minutes (the leveling off of the data at from 40 to 60 minutes is unexplained). The Jacob analysis provided a T- , value of about 2000 gpd /ft. A hydraulic conductivity of about 20 gpd /ft is calculated using a tested interval of 93 feet. Well PS -5 - A test was performed on PS -5 on September 27, 1982. Unlike the other tests described above, this test involved maintaining a constant head while the well was allowed to flow freely. This is accomplished simply by instantaneously opening a shut -in well to a pre- arranged setting. The head above the discharge point is instantaneously lowered to zero (if referenced to the discharge point), and the discharge decreases in a non - linear fashion with time. Figure 25 is a semi - logarithmic plot of discharge versus time for a constant head test performed on 39 • • Woodward•Clyde Consultants PS-5. The analysis performed on the data involves a straight -line fit to the data and the use of a similar equation applied in the Jacob analysis (Jacob and Lohman, 1952). The analysis gave a T -value of 320 gpd /ft and a hydraulic conductivity of 0.82 gpd /ft (assuming a tested interval of 393 feet). These results should be considered as fairly approximate because of the relatively short length of the test and sparse data. Conclusions Numerous data were available for analysis to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of the deposits at the Pilgrim Springs site. The data were reviewed and those thought to be beneficial for standard analysis were reduced, plotted and analyzed. Since none of the wells were adequately developed prior to testing, the analyses provide only very rough estimates of transmissivity for the areas tested. Two types of data analyses were used in this study. These involved: 1) straight -line analysis of semi- logarithmic plots of head (drawdown) of the flowing well versus time data for the first step of flow tests, or after about 4 hours of constant discharge; and 2) derivation of T from the specific capacity data (Q /s) of the flowing well during the first step fo the flow tests. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity were made assuming that the saturated thickness of the aquifer system tested was equal to the perforated or open interval of the well casing. Table 4 shows that the near - surface deposits (less than 100 -foot depth) have the ?: highest hydraulic conductivity (700 gpd /ft while deposits at a depth of 150 to 300 feet show more than an order of magnitude less permeability (about 20 gpd /ft The results are variable for the permeability of the deposits at greater depths. For example, well PS-5, which was perforated from 588 to 981 feet, gave a K of 0.82 gpd /ft while well PS -4, which was open from 187 to 881 feet, gave a K of 60 gpd /ft (two orders of magnitude greater). This difference could be from the large open interval of these two wells. Better estimates of T and K would be obtained if the production well were completed in a more limited zone. 40 • • WoodWadClyde Consultants 6.0 SURFACE HYDROLOGY As indicated in Figure 10, the sloughs that drain the thermal seeps and springs of the Pilgrim Springs area are in close proximity to the geothermal well field. These sloughs, flowing southward on the east and west of the well field, eventually flow I 6 • westward to join Pilgrim River some 6 or 8 miles downstream from the well field. • The spring discharge into the sloughs is relatively hot and of high conductivity and is apparently intimately related to the shallow high - temperature aquifer system • penetrated by each of the wells (Figure 19). Early in the investigation, it was assumed that the effects of well -field drawdowns • would cause measurable decreases in the surface discharge of these thermal springs and seeps. Accordingly, two V -notch weirs were installed at the east slough and one on the west to detect possible changes in the collective flow rate. Water conducti- vity was also measured at these sites to monitor possible changes in water quality F4; •; related to changes in the discharge of the springs and seeps. Periodic measurements of discharge and conductivity continued from June 28 to July 21, 1982. These ,, measured results are summarized in Table E -2 of the Appendix Volume. • During the period of measurement, particularly the slough discharge varied considerably at each weir site. Instead of being able to identify discharge changes related to well -field drawdowns, changes were influenced principally by seasonal variations, precipitation, and probably barometric fluctuations. The direct effect of these influences, in turn, were largely masked by delayed changes in bank storage. No measureable interference effects of decreased spring and seep discharge caused by well -field drawdowns were recorded. During the period of observation, the flow hY in the east slough past the well field, due predominantly to spring and seep inflow, varied from about 0.1 cubic foot per second (cfs) in early July to about 0.03 cfs in late July. Discharge in the west slough, due predominately to a few large springs west of well MI -1, decreased from about 0.5 cfs on July 1 to 0.24 cfs in mid - month, and then increased due to the large discharge of well MI -1 into the slough during well testing. 41 • . Woodward -Clyde Consultants Although not defined during the June 1982 testing program, the spring and seep discharge in the geothermal area appears to be directly related to artesian heads in the underlying thermal aquifers. As long as wells are permitted to discharge by artesian flow only (i.e., no pumping occurs), some spring discharge will occur. However, if the discharge of the geothermal wells is increased significantly by pumping and if the artesian heads drop below land surface throughout the shallow aquifer system, the springs and seeps of the area would most likely diminish and might eventually dry up. a=s 4 - 42 Woodward-Clyde Consultants Clyde 7.0 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT A conceptual model of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system was developed to integrate and explain the data collected to date from the system and to guide further data collection and analysis efforts. The conceptual model is a formal statement of our understanding of the geothermal system, and as such, is a hypothesis that explains the geothermal system. The model can be tested by collecting new information in the geothermal system. If this new information is not consistent with the hypothetical model, a new model can be formulated to explain the system and guide future data collection efforts. We feel that the model described below is realistic and provides useful estimates of the resource potential of Pilgrim Springs. System Overview This current model of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system is graphically depicted in Figure 26. An upwelling of hot water from an unidentified deep source is one of several possible explanations to account for the geothermal system at Pilgrim Springs. As far as a quantitative assessment of the resource is concerned, the actual source mechanism is of little concern. The basic features of the assumed model are: o hot water, representing the total water and heat input to the system, rises from depth along a fracture zone or at the intersection of fracture zones; o the hot water recharges a shallow near - surface aquifer system that underlies the thawed area; and o energy discharge occurs as heat loss to the atmosphere, spring discharges and ground -water flow away from the the thawed area. '- A model of a geothermal flow system that will be useful for assessing resource availability must define three basic elements: 1) system boundaries, 2) boundary 43 ! • Woodward- Clyde Consultants fluxes, and 3) internal system functions. Our current model of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal systems is designed to consider these three elements, as explained below. 7.1 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM BOUNDARIES The available data suggest that the geothermal system is bound on the east, west and } ' y south by structural features possibly related to a block - faulted basement. The hottest part of the Pilgrim Springs area appears to be located at the northeastern LL corner of a subsided block. The escarpment on the west (Figure 1) appears to be a structural limit on the geothermal system. Based on resistivity work by Wescott and others (Turner and Forbes, 1980), permafrost west of the escarpment has a thickness estimated at over 325 feet. East of the escarpment, permafrost is less than 80 feet thick. The boundary to the north is unknown. The base of the hot -water aquifer system, which comprises the near - surface geothermal system, has been demonstrated by data collected in this study to be less than 200 feet below land surface in the vicinity of the geothermal well field (Figure 19). The geothermal system has been studied extensively only within the part of the thawed area where near - surface temperatures are the highest (Figure 3). Because little is known about the rest of the geothermal system, for purposes of calculating heat and water fluxes within the geothermal system, the modeled geothermal system only consists of the area within the 30 ° C contour shown on Figure 3. The size of this area is about 2.2 x 10 ft (0.2 x 10 m 7.2 BOUNDARY FLUXES Fluxes Out of the System ; ' The discharge of energy from the modeled geothermal system (Figure 26) occurs: I) to the atmosphere over the area within the 30 ° C contour shown on Figure 3, 2) in water discharging from numerous small springs, 44 • Woodward-Clyde Consultants 3) in ground water flowing away from the area, and 4) in conductive heat transfer to deeper zones. These energy discharges can be quantified with data collected in this study and data collected during earlier studies reported in Turner and Forbes (1980). The energy discharge to the atmosphere can be roughly estimated from shallow temperature gradients measured at the four wells completed in this study (Figure 3), temperature gradients measured by Harrison and Hawkins (1980), and thermal conductivities assumed from measurements by Harrison and Hawkins (1980). Based • upon these data, the heat flux to the atmosphere () is calculated by the following equation: a =KiA where: K = thermal conductivity, 2.5 W /meter - ° C; i = thermal gradient, 12 °C /meter; A = area, 0.2 x 10 m Using the values shown and the above equation, 3 =6MW Water discharges from the geothermal system in a number of small springs in the • thawed area. The total thermal water discharge from the springs was measured during the summer of 1979 to be about 0.15 cfs, with an energy content of 2 MW (Harrison and Hawkins , 1979). Seasonal variations In this flux are unknown, but 1982 data showed variations in water discharge from about 0.2 to 0.5 cfs (see Section 5). Osterkamp (1983, written communication) estimated that ground water flowing away . from the thermally disturbed area transports 100 MW of energy from the geothermal system. This estimate is based on measured temperature changes in the Pilgrim River in the vicinity of the thermally disturbed area, and on measured ice thickness 45 • Woodward -Clyde Consultants and bottom temperature surveys in the Pilgrim River. There is no direct data to calculate directions or rates of ground -water flux away from the thermally disturbed area. A mass and energy balance of the modeled part of the geothermal system suggests that thermal ground -water flow out of this part of the system is only in the range of 1.4 to 1.8 cfs, and that the total energy flux in the ground water (referenced to 0 ° C) is in the range of 10 to 15 MW. The mass and energy balance is shown on '' Figure 26, and is detailed later in this section. ;+ y The marked temperature reversals recorded in wells PS -3, PS -4, PS -5 and MI -1, between 100 and 200 feet below surface (Figure 19), indicate that significant heat flow occurs downward from the shallow hot -water aquifer to deeper zones. The magnitude of this heat transfer is calculated in the following manner: J =KiA where: J = heat flux downward, K = thermal conductivitiy, 2.5 W /meter - ° C; i = thermal gradient, 2 ° C /meter, se A = area, 0.2 x 10 m Thus, J = I MW The downward temperature reversals characteristic of the shallow thermal aquifer system (Figure 19) indicate that either: (a) the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system is relatively young and the temperature difference between the deep source and the 100 -foot depth are not yet equilibrated (see Bodvarsson and others, 1982, for a discussion of time required to achieve equilibrium); or (b) ground -water flow out of the geothermal area in a zone between 150 and 250 feet below land surface acts as a thermal sink. 46 • • Woodward-aycle Consultants There may be some flow of cooler ground waters from the deeper zones to the shallow hot water aquifer, based on an upward hydraulic gradient of about 0.05 that exists between the depths of 100 and 200 feet below land surface. The magnitude of vertical ground -water flow can not be directly calculated because the vertical hydraulic conductivities are unknown. However, nearly linear temperature profiles measured between 100 and 200 feet below land surface (Figure 19) indicate that the upward ground -water flow is probably small (Bredehoeft and Papadopolous, 1966). Fluxes into the System According to the conceptual model of Figure 26, the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system is likely a fault - charged reservoir of the type described by Bodvarsson and others (1982). In this system, energy and mass transfer occur from an deep source to the shallow aquifer along a fracture system or at the intersection of two fracture systems. At Pilgrim Springs, the depth and temperature of the hot water source are not known. Economides and others (1982) estimated a source depth of about 5,000 feet below land surface, and a source temperature of 150 ° C by extrapolating temperature gradients from PS -4 and PS -5. The observed field data also can be achieved with a source temperature of about 100 ° C, which is just greater than measured Pilgrim Springs temperatures, and a source depth of about 2,000 feet. A robable source of thermal energy is deep circulation of ground water from P gY P g fractured bedrock. Alluvial and fluvial sediments overlie the basement rocks, which may occur more than 1,700 feet below land surface (Kienle and Lockhart, 1980). The alluvial sediments may be intruded by recent volcanics (Forbes, 1982, personal communication). Possible sources of water to the system may be recharge from alluvial fans from the Kigluaik Mountains, infiltration along fault zones on the margin of the Kigluaik Mountains, direct recharge to the thermally disturbed area, or recharge from the river. Osterkamp and others (1980) suggest that recharge from the mountains is not likely because these mountainous areas are probably underlain by permanently frozen ground. The artesian heads as high as 15 feet above land surface in aquifers 300 feet deep require recharge from areas considerably higher than Pilgrim springs. 47 • �p • �u r pJ W- w`-~d. 7.3 INTERNAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS Convective heat transfer has been determined by Osterkamp and others (1980) to be significant in the upper 20 feet of the soil in the thawed area. The 1982 temperature data suggest that convective heat transfer may be the dominant mechanism for transfering heat from the highly permeable aquifer (at a depth of 80 to 100 feet) to land surface. Based on data shown in Figure 12 and the soil - temperature plots of Figures 13 through 18, the actual temperatures are estimated to be relatively uniform between about 20 and 100 feet below land surface. The relative uniform temperatures result from convective heat transport upward. Horizontal heat transport in the shallow hot water aquifer is assumed to occur i{ primarily as convective transport in ground water that moves radially away from an assumed fracture source. Depending on the distance from the source, the temperature of water in the shallow reservoir system may be as low as 100 ° C at the hottest spot. At the boundary of the modeled area, no vertical temperature profiles 1 exist; however, based on an extrapolation of existing data, it is probable that 1 maximum ground -water temperatures are in the range of 60 ° C to 70 ° C at the boundary (the 30 ° C contour line on Figure 3). The total energy stored in the shallow hot water aquifer within the modeled area is estimated to be 1 x 10 Joules (J). The total stored energy, E, was calculated using the following equation: E =AbC T where: A = area, 0.2 x 10 m b = assumed reservoir thickness, 25 meters C = heat capacity of reservoir rock, 2.8 x 10 J /m - ° C; (based on an assumed porosity of 0 and a heat capacity for the clay, silt and sand minerals of 2.13 x 10 3/m - ° C; T = temperature differences, 80 ° C. 48 • • Woodward-Clyde ConsuKan. } Thus, 3w, E = total energy in system (referenced to 0 ° C) = 1 x 10 J. 7.4 SYSTEM HEAT AND WATER BALANCE A schematic heat and water balance for the modeled part of the geothermal system is shown on Figure 26. The heat and mass fluxes presented on Figure 26 were estimated, for the most part, in the manner specified in the previous section. The unknown in the system, the heat and water flux into the system from the assumed fracture system and the heat and water flux out of the system, were derived by solving the energy balance equation. The basic energy balance equation states that the total heat flux into the system must equal the total heat flux out of the system. For the modeled part of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system, this can be expressed as: 3i= 3 +3d +3 +3 (1) where: 3i = heat flux into the system (MW), 3 = atmospheric heat flux, 6 MW; Jd = downward heat flux, 1 MW; 3 = heat flux from springs, 2 MW; 3 = convective heat flux in ground water out of the system. All of the heat fluxes are referenced to 0 ° C. 31 and 3 are solved for two assumed cases, one where the aquifer temperature at the system boundary is assumed to be -60 °C, and the other where the temperature at the system boundary is assumed to be 70 ° C. Also, the temperature of water influx to the system is assumed to be 100 ° C. The calculation used to estimate 31 and 3 for the first case is listed below. Y ' p.. 49 <: • • Woodward -Clyde Consultants Step 1. Express the heat influx, 3i, in terms of ground water flow and temperature into the system. 31 = QixTixK (2) where: Qi = ground -water inflow, cfs; Ti = ground -water temperature, 100 °C; 3 K = conversion factor, 0.12 x 10 Joules /ft . (Note: 10 Joules /sec = 1 MW) Step 2. J in terms of ground -water flow and temperature out of the system: J gw = Q x T x K (3) where: Q = ground -water flow out of the system, cubic feet per second; T = temperature of ground water, 60 t Step 3. Express Q in terms of a water balance for the system: Q gw =Qi - Qs - Qa (4) where: Qs = spring discharge, 0.15 cfs; Qa = evapotransporation loses from modeled area, 0.05 cfs, assuming an E -T rate of 1 ft /yr /ft ). Step 4. Combine equations (1), (2), (3), and (4) to obtain: Qix TixK= 3a +J +3 + (Qi - Qs- Qa) x T xK (5) Step 5. Replace the variables in equation 5 with the known heat and water fluxes and temperatures, and solve for Qi. Thus: Qi = 1.6 cfs Step 6. Replace Qi in equation (4) and solve for Q Then: Q = 1.4 cfs Step 7, Replace Qi in equation (2) and Q in equation (3) and solve for 3i and J gu,. . From those calcuations: Ji = 19 MW = 10 MW, as shown In Figure 26. 3 gw 50 • • Woodward -Clyde Consultants 7.5 RESOURCE BASE WITHIN THE MODELED PART OF THE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM The accessible resource base for the modeled part of the geothermal system is estimated to be about 24 MW. This estimate is based upon the fluxes shown on Figure 26 and a flux estimated by assuming that the energy stored in the system is utilized over a 20 -year period. This latter flux is only 1.5 MW. Assuming that 25 percent of the accessible resource base could be utilized (Muffler and others, 1979), the recoverable geothermal resource is only 6 MW (20 x 10 BTU's /hour). This energy could be produced by flowing one well at a rate of 240 gpm with a water temperature of 90 ° C. The beneficial power, which was estimated using the method of Muffler and others (1979) is about 1 MW. 7.6 ACCESSIBLE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE BASE The accessible geothermal resource base (Muffler and others, 1979, page 20) for the modeled part of the geothermal system is estimated to be about 24 MW. This 3_ J estimate is based on a thermal influx of 19 to 24 MW (Figure 26) and a stored thermal reserve in the shallow aquifer system of 1 x 10 Joules (Section 7.3). If used over a 20 -year period, the stored thermal energy represents a continuous supply of only 1.5 MW (1 x 10 Joules /second = 1 MW). It is notable that the stored energy reserve, as significant as it is, represents about 6 percent of the total thermal resource. More than 90 percent of the resource is available on a sustained basis. With this type of system, the recoverable resource base is determined largely by the manner of capturing the resource. If the well field designed to capture the thermal resource is widely scattered, the recoverable base may be only 25 to 50 percent of the accessible resource. If, on other hand, the source of the thermal energy is identified and a well- defined cone of drawdown is maintained at this source, most of the geothermal resource can be recovered. For comparison purposes, a single geothermal well producing 200 gpm of water at 90 ° C would produce about 5 MW of thermal energy (17 x 10 BTU's /hour). 51 • • vlloodward -chrae consultants 7.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL The conceptual mode of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system (Figure 26) was developed to provide a framework for calculating the thermal and water flux in the • hottest part of the geothermal system that has been explored. The estimated heat flux into the system, 19 to 24 MW, and the estimated power stored in the system, 1 x 10 Joules, therefore, are low estimates of the total heat flux in the overall geothermal reservoir system. This estimated heat flux is sufficient, however, to account for all the temperatures observed within the modeled part of the geothermal system and possibly also for the subsurface temperatures in the entire thaw bulb. As noted in the above model computations, the shallow and deep ground -water outflow from the system, with a combined flux of 1.4 to 1.8 cfs of thermal water and 11 to 16 MW of thermal energy, is not taken into account. Some of this may represent ground -water flow northward from the modeled well -field area toward Pilgrim River where warming effects of the river water having been described by Osterkamp and others (1980). At present, there is no basis for estimating the direction or rate of ground -water flow through the model area. If additional studies show that reservoir temperatures on the margins of the modeled • , :' area are higher than assumed in Section 7.4, or if high- temperature areas are identified outside the modeled area, then the estimates of total power derived in the above sections may be too low. 52 • • Woodward-Chide Woodward-Chide Consultants 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK Many of the characteristics of the shallow 90 + ° C saline aquifer system that underlies the Pilgrim Springs thawed area have been confirmed. Neither the heat source nor the water source of the circulating geothermal system have been identified. The summer 1982 drilling and testing program did not locate a conduit feeding the shallow thermal aquifer system or a deeper plume of high - temperature water. Two of the 1982 wells tested the most - evident locations for the possible conduit from depth. PS -3 was drilled only a few feet from where the highest shallow soil temperatures (Figure 3) and the highest soil - helium concentrations (Figure 5) were recovered. Also, PS -5 tested the suggested intersection of two implied high -angle fault systems. At each of these likely locations, a highly permeable artesian aquifer system of fresh, cool water occurs immediately under the shallow thermal ground- water system. • The existing six wells at Pilgrim Springs, with proper perforating and development, g s g P g� P Pe Pe g P are probably adequate for exploiting the shallow 90 ° C saline aquifer system for space- heating and selected uses and also provide a warm potable water supply from deeper aquifers. Although the 90 + ° C temperatures of the shallow aquifer system are not favorable for the generation of electricity, these temperatures probably represent conditions at considerable distance from a hotter source. Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures considerably above 90 ° C probably exist somewhere at depth, and a geothermal source with temperatures of 120 ° C or higher could be nearby. Economides and others (1982) conclude that the conduit supplying hot water to the shallow thermal aquifer system is located near the present well field and is fed from . a 150 ° C reservoir at a depth of 4,875 feet. Wescott (1982, oral communications), believes the conduit is located in the thaw area, probably in the vicinity of wells PS- 2 and PS-3. As discussed in Section 4.1, thermal sources other than an upwelling of deep geothermal waters within the thaw zone cannot be ruled out. Forbes (1982, oral communication) suggests that an apparent thawed area about 2 miles northeast of the Pilgrim Springs well field deserves investigation as a possible source of heat. 53 • • Woodward -Clyde Consultants E.: Further attempts to model the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system or to extrapolate subsurface data beyond the limits of the proven well field is purely speculative until additional data are available. Some of the needed data are: direction and hydraulic gradient of water flowing in the shallow thermal aquifer system, under static and dynamic conditions; depth, stratigraphy and density (from seismic velocity data of deep valley sediments; and depth, geometry and configuration of the crystalline basement under the valley. Based on earlier geologic mapping and remote - sensing data, we are quite confident that the tectonic setting of Pilgrim Springs is that of a graben valley, with a block - faulted basement floor (see Section 4.0). These studies (Dean and others, 1981) suggest that high -angle basement faults also displace the sedimentary valley fill and intersects the surface. The drilling of well PS -5 to a depth of 1,001 feet at the intersection of the surface expression of two of these faults did not locate either a conduit supplying hot water to the shallow reservoir, or hot water at depth. The confirmation and delineation of subsurface faulting in the sedimentary section is critical to the search for possible conduit systems. Although the Pilgrim Spring geothermal system has been visualized as similar to the fault- controlled system of Cerro Prieto, the heat source that generates the Pilgrim Springs system may be volcanic and relatively young. Youthful basaltic volcanism is displayed by the Lost Jim Flow and other Quaternary volcanic eruptive centers near Imuruk Lake at the east end of the valley and by very young basaltic flows and vents north of Teller. Therefore, the possibility that the thermal drive for the Pilgrim Springs system might be a large mass of basaltic magma that has been emplaced in the sedimentary fill or in the basement fault system should be considered. Studies to date suggest that temperatures higher than those confirmed by present drilling probably exist in the Pilgrim Springs geothermal system. But a "shotgun" approach is unlikely to locate these. The following recommended studies should be considered in the quest for hotter and larger geothermal resources at depth. 54 • • t x Consultants Perforation and Testing of the Four 1982 Wells: An A early decision should be made by the Alaska Department of Energy and Power Y P Y g Development and by Mary's Igloo Native Corporation regarding desired di the des d utu re use o n e future Y Y 8 P g g of waters from the four 1982 wells. As soon as convenient, a two -week field assignment should be scheduled at Pilgrim Springs to perforate and test selected 1982 wells, to determine the hydraulic and thermal flow gradient and direction in the shallow thermal aquifer system and the thermal production capabilities. This field assignment should include: o The equilibrated temperature profiles of the six geothermal wells should be repeated o For the 1982 wells selected for completion in the high - temperature ‘ k , aquifer, a cement plug should be set at the base of the thermal aquifer, and the well casing perforated with explosive shot perforations in the zone of highest temperature. o Before flowing the newly perforated wells, the pressure head in all wells tapping the high temperature aquifer system should be precisely measured and water - quality samples collected. From these data, the direction and gradient of circulating ground water and heat in the shallow aquifer system should be calculated. o After all static measurements are completed, each of the newly perforated wells should be properly developed, and the standard hydraulic flow tests run to determine well and aquifer- system parameters of the shallow aquifer system at each of the newly perforated well sites. Seismic Profiling • Previous seismic profiles were not definitive, as the equipment, geophone arrays, data channels and blasting techniques were not equal to the unexpected thicknesses 55 • • H/oodWarclCIyd@ Consultants encountered in the valley fill. However, deep seismic profiling with better • equipment, involving both refractions and reflection techniques, should produce the ,f. desired sections and bedrock topography. In this particular case, the survey techniques, including the geophone arrays, will have to meet the unusual conditions created by: (l) an overlying layer of high velocity permafrost, (2) a thick intermediate zone of poorly consolidated Quaternary and Tertiary sediments, and (3) • a high velocity crystalline basement that has probable fault block topography. • Airborne Magnetometry • Previous airborne magnetometer surveys contracted by the State of Alaska have not had the required resolution to detect relatively small basaltic (diabase, gabbro) masses at depth in the valley fill. Fortunately, permafrost is transparent to magnetic soundings. A closely spaced aeromagnetic grid survey, flown at low speeds with a helicopter at incremental elevations, would be capable of detecting a relatively large mass of mafic rocks in the subsurface, if the temperature was below the Curie Point (600 °C) of magnetite. Limiting parameters could be modeled, and this should be done before such a survey is attempted. Exploration Geochemistry Although the mercury and helium vapor surveys appear to have provided valuable data on shallow subsurface thermal anomalies and possible fault traces, a conduit system (if located under the shallow reservoir) was not signaled by either technique. At this point, there is some question as to whether further mercury and helium sampling will clarify the problem. Future surveys should be extended into the outlying areas beyond the Pilgrim thaw elipse, in an attempt to detect lateral feeders, if they exist. Airborne radon surveys have not yet been attempted at Pilgrim Springs, and this technique might have some value, if the grid surveys were flown in the winter on a quiet day, when coherent radon concentration patterns might be preserved. Again, 56 • • Woodward -Clyde Consultants such a survey might locate additional thermal anomalies or lateral conduit systems, if they exist. Gravity Surveys The gravity map of the Pilgrim Springs area produced by Kienle and Lockhart (Turner and Forbes, 1980) and further refined by Lockhart (Turner and Wescott, 1981), should be carefully examined to see if the data are amenable to additional refinement and s whether additional gravity work to establish a greater station density within the grid is warranted.. The gravity map and data should be of particular value in the selection of airborne magnetometer flight lines and in the interpretation of magnetic data, including total field magnetic gradient surveys. Summary Comments The possible detection of young silicic plutons in the subsurface, if present, by magnetic or gravity surveys is unlikely due to the probable similarity in density and magnetic susceptibility of such plutons to a composite section of glacial outwash, alluvial sediments and possible Tertiary sandstones and conglomerates. • The highest probability for better target definition is offered by the seismic profiling. Ideally, the survey should be conducted in late winter or early spring, before breakup, when access is good and no surface thawed layer above permafrost can attenuate the transfer of energy from shallow shotholes. This type of survey could be conducted with track vehicles and wanigans. The equipment for such a train could no doubt be assembled from sources in the Nome area. To ensure effective coupling, which has been such a problem in previous surveys, a shothole rig capable _pf drilling 100 -foot holes in permafrost would be required. This rig should be available in Nome. The seismic instrumentation, including the capability of large geophone arrays and 24- channel recording capability, will have to be more sophisticated than that used in previous efforts. 57 • sward-Clyde Consuftants \: \ < Airborne magnetometry seems to be the next best choice, in terms of possible tar t definition and of identifying ma ic intrusives within the valley floor section. Airborne m netometry has an inherent economic advantage iri that trial runs could be made over representative sections, before a more intensive program was \ initiated. Conversely, the seismic program represents a total comrnitment and would IDe relatively expensive. With the exception of production wells drilled for ad 6#ona water sply or outlying shallow observation wells to monitor flow gradients in the shallow aquifer system, it \ is difficult to justify additional drilling without better subsurface data and target definition. A deep well drilled to basement without better target would be very expensive and probably give limited benefits. \� l yy. • Woodward'Clyde Consultants 9.0 REFERENCES Bodvarsson, G.S., Benson, S.M., and Witherspoon, P.A. (1982) Theory of the development of geothermal systems charged by vertical faults: Journal of Geophysical Research, V. 87, no. B11, pp 9317 -9328. Bredehoeft, J.D. and Papadopulos, I.S., 1965, Rates of vertical groundwater movement estimated from the earth's thermal profile: Water Resources Research, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 325 -328. Bunder, C.M., Hedge, C.E., and Sainsbury, C.L., 1977, Radiometric concentrations and preliminary radiometric ages of rocks of the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S.G.S. Open -File Report 77 -735, 36 pp. Cooper, H.H., Jr., and Jacob, C.E. (1946) A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and sumarizing well -field history: American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 27, no. 4, pp 526 -534. Dean, K.G., Forbes, R.B., Turner, D.L., Eaton, F.D., and Sullivan, K.D. (1981) Application of radar and infrared airborne remote sensing to geothermal resource assessment at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Final Report submitted to NASA (Grant NAG 9 -8) by University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute, 21 p. Economides, M.J., Economides, C.E., Kunza, J.F., and Lofgren, B.E. (1982) A fieldwide reservoir engineering analysis of the Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, geothermal reservoir: Proceedings, 8th Workshop in Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ferris, J.G., Knowles, D.B., Brown, R.H., and Stellman, R.W. (1962) Theory of aquifer tests: U.S. Geological Survey, Water - Supply Paper 1536 -E, pp 69 -174. 59 • • Woodward-Clyde Consultants Forbes, R.B. (1980) Uranium - thorium concentrations in representative rocks from Alaskan crystalline terranes: University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute, Report prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Subcontract 78- 219 -E, 282 p. Forbes, R.B., Gedney, L., and Hook, J. (1975) A geophysical reconnaissance of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute, Report No. UAG -R -231, 26 p. Forbes, R.B., Gedney, L., Van Wormer, D., and Hook, 3. (1975) A geophysical reconnaissance of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Geophysical Institute Report UAG - R231. Gosink, 3.P., Osterkamp, T.E., and others (1980) A preliminary investigation of the possible existence of a hot water aquifer under the Pilgrim River: Geophysical Institute Report to Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development. Harrison, W., and Hawkins, D. (1980) Water and heat flow measurements and their relationship to power estimates at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: in Turner, D.L., and Forbes, R.B., eds., Alaska Geophysical Institute report UAG -R -271. Hopkins, D. (1963) Geology of the Imuruk Lake Area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1141 -C, 98 p. Jacob, C.E., and Lohman, S.W. (1952) Nonsteady flow to a well of constant drawdowwn in an extensive aquifer: American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 33, pp 559 -569. Kienle, 3., and Lockhart, A. (1980) Gravity survey of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, Alaska: in Turner, D.L., and Forbes, R.B., eds., Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG -R -271. 60 • • Wo r d.C'yde Consultants Kline, J.T. (1980) Test drilling report -- Procedures and results of two test holes drilled at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, in October and November, 1979: Unpublished Report of Alaska, Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey to Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development. Lockhart, A. (1981) Gravity survey of the central Seward Peninsula: in Wescott, E., and Turner, D., eds., Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG -R -284. Muffler, L.P.J., and others (1979) Assessment of geothermal resources of the United States-1978: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 790, 163 p. Miller, T.P., Barnes, I., and Patton, W.W., Jr. (1975) Geologic setting and chemical characteristics of hot springs in west - central Alaska, J. Res. U.S. Geological Survey, Vol. 3, No. 2, P. 149 -162. Moorman, M.A., and others (1983) Geothermal fluid chemistry of wells and springs at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geophysical and Geophysical Surveys, Report of Investigations (in preparation). Osterkamp, T. and others (1980) A reconnaissance study of the hydrothermal characteristics and accessible power of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: in Turner, D.L. and Forbes, R.B. eds., Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG -R -271, pp 113- 156. ya, Swanson, and others (1980) Bedrock geology of the Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, in Alaska: Turner, D.L. an and Forbes, R.B., Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG -R -271, pp 7 -20. Turner, D.L., and Forbes, R.B., eds. (1980) A geological and geophysical study of the geothermal energy potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska: Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAF -R -271. 61 • • Woodward•Clyde Consultants Turner, D.L., and Swanson, S. (1981), Continental rifting -A new tectonic model for the central Seward Peninsula, in Geothermal Reconnaissance Survey of the Central Seward Peninsula, Alaska, (E. Wescott and D.L. Turner, Eds.), University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute Report UAG R -284. Waring, G.A. (1917) Mineral springs of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water - Supply Paper 418, 114 p. Wescott, E., and Turner, D.L. (1981) Geothermal reconnaissance survey of the central Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Geophysical Institute, Report UAG -R- 284. 62 x'. • _ • Tables 1� TABLE 1 SOMMARY OF GEOTHERMALI4ELL COMPLETION INFORMATICS Well PS -1 PS -2 PS -3 PS -4 PS -5 MI -1 4111 1 Depth (in feet) 160 150 260 881 1,001 307 Perforated interval (in feet) 60 -100 60 -105 167 -260 187 -881 588 -1,001 151 -307 Location: From PS -2i distance (in feet) 270 - -- 230 247 827 717 bearing N45 08'E -- S.61 43'W S.3 28'E S.3 28'E S.75 16'W Metric coordinates— south: 200.00 258.03 291.30 333.24 509.72 313.63 —west8 150.00 208.30 270.13 203.74 193.05 419.75 Date of Drilling 11/1979 11/1979 6/25 -7/4 7/5 -7/23 7/23 -7/28 7/15 -7/18 1982 1982 1982 1982 Measuring point, top of upper flange: 6 -in. valve 6 -in. valve 10 -in. valve 10 -in. valve 10 -in. valve 10-in. valve Height above land surface (in feet): Surface Surface 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Elevation of measuring point 24.61 23.46 25.00 25.89 25.99 24.86 Casing depths (in feet) • (see Figures 6 to 9) (C) (c) 16 -in, to 20 16 -in. to 19 16 -in, to 11 16 -in. to 20 10 -in. to 58 10 -in. to 86 10 -in. to 43 10 -in. to 3 6 -in. to 168 8 -in. to 187 8 -in. to 178 8 -in. to 151 3 -in. to 260 no casing 6 -in, to 588 6 -in. to 232 to 881 3 -in. to 981 3 -in, to 307 (a) Feet above sea level (b) PS -3 measuring point assumed to be 25.00 feet above sea level. (c) Klein, 1980. • . • TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA OBTAINED FROM TEST WELLS COMPLETED AT PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA Well Total Depth Geophysical Depth Interval Number of No. (feet) Log Type Logged (feet) Logging Runs PS -1 160 None - -- - -- I PS -2 150 None - -- - PS -3 260 Natural Gamma, 0 to 250 1 SP /RES 58.7 to 78 1 • Natural Gamma 162.9 to 250 1 SP /RES 168.7 to 250 1 PS -4 881* Natural Gamma 0 to 511 1 PS -5 1001 None - -- - -- MI -1 307 None - -- - -- • *Lost logging probe on second run. TABLE 3 WATER QUALITY OF HELLS AND SPRINGS (All Chemical Analyses in mg /1) 1 PS -1 PS -2 PS -3 Pte Lake MI- Spring MI -1 510 94 92 60 35 4 91 21 CA 511 516 260 23 561 542 5.0 III Mg 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.02 Na 1724 1508 592 115 1658 1658 .16 K 60 57 25 4.8 68 59 0.5 HCO3 30 26 36 80 27 36 37 SO 19 19 15 11 10.4 15 9.0 Cl 3420 3420 1430 284 3730 3360 4.7 F 4.4 4.5 1.3 0.5 4.6 4.25 0.19 H2S 4.4 3.4 3.4 ND ND 2.2 ND Sr 13 13 6.0 0.4 14 12 0.0 pH, field 7.52 7.26 7.98 9.75 8.09 6.80 9.67 Dissolved solids 5867 5650 2411 513 6071 5767 76 Sp conductance 9550 9520 4500 270 10300 9440 92 T, oIC 92 96 75 48 24 55 24 Date sampled 7 -10 -82 7 -9 -82 7 -11 -82 7 -22 - 7 -11 -82 7 -12 -82 7 -22 -82 • (a) Samples collected and analyzed by Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical. Surveys, 1 (b) WCC measurement, see page 31. 1 TABLE 4 . SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES OF TRANSMISSIVITY AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR WELLS AT PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA Probable Producing Zone Well (Feet Below Tranamissivity Conductivity No. Landsurface) (gpd /ft) (gpd /ft Remarks PS -1 60 to 80 3,600 180 (Econamides, and others 1982) PS -2 60 to 90 12,600 420 Fair estimate -• 12,500 420 PS -3 167 to 210 4,800 112 Fair estimate 3,500 80 PS -4 187 to 360( ?) 41,000 237(?) 8,000 gpd /ft probably 8,000 46(?) more reliable PS -5 588 to 981 320 0.8 Sparse data, poor estimate MI -1 151 to 307 2,500 16 Good estimate 9,000 58 1 Derived from drawdown versus time analysis. 2 Derived from specific capacity (Q /s) analysis. i 3 None of wells were adequately developed before tests were run. Transmissivity values are considered to be law estimates. • • rli . tai y., Figures r { , Y, • • TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA OBTAINED FROM TEST NELIS COMPLETED AT PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA Well Total Depth Geophysical Depth Interval Number of No. (feet) Log Type Logged (feet) Logging Runs PS -1 160 None - -- PS -2 150 None - -- - -- PS-3 260 Natural Gamma, 0 to 250 1 SP /RES 58.7 to 78 1 • Natural Gamma 162.9 to 250 1 SP /RES 168.7 to 250 1 PS -4 881* Natural Gamma 0 to 511 1 PS -5 1001 None - -- - -- MI -1 307 None - -- - -- *Lost logging probe on second run. TABS 3 11rTER QUALITY OF WBLL► AND SPRINGS (All Chemical Analyses in mg /1) PS -1 PS -2 PS -3 Ps -4 Lake MI- Spring MI -1 S iO 94 92 60 35 4 91 21 CA 511 516 260 23 561 542 5.0 6 Mg 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.02 Na 1724 1508 592 115 1658 1658 .16 K 60 57 25 4.8 68 59 0.5 HCO3 30 26 36 80 27 36 37 SO 19 19 15 11 10.4 15 9.0 Cl 3420 3420 1430 284 3730 3360 4.7 F 4.4 4.5 1.3 0.5 4.6 4.25 0.19 1125 4.4 3.4 3.4 ND ND 2.2 ND Sr 13 13 6.0 0.4 14 12 0.0 pH, field 7.52 7.26 7.98 9.75 8.09 6.80 9.67 Dissolved solids 5867 5650 2411 513 6071 5767 76 Sp conductance 9550 9520 4500 270 10300 9440 92 T, 92 96 75 48 24 55 24 Date sampled 7 -10 -82 7 -9 -82 7 -11 -82 7 -22 - 7 -11 -82 7 -12 -82 7 -22 -82 • (a) Samples collected and analyzed by Alaska Divisicn of Geological and Geophysical. Surveys, (b) MCC measurement, see page 31. TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES OF TRAmmissrmr HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR WELLS AT PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA Probable Producing Zone Well (Feet Below Transmissivity Conductivity No. Landsurface) (gpd/ft) (gpd/ft Remarks PS-1 60 to 80 3,600 180 (Economides, and others 1982) PS-2 60 to 90 12,600 420 Fair estimate - e 12,500 2 420 PS-3 167 to 210 4,800 112 Fair estimate 3,500 80 PS-4 187 to 360(?) 41,000 237(?) 8,000 gpd/ft probably 8,000 46(?) more reliable PS-5 588 to 981 320 0.8 Sparse data, poor estimate MI-1 151 to 307 2,500 16 Good estimate 9,000 58 1 Derived from drawdown versus time analysis. 2 • ' Derived from specific capacity (Q/s) analysis. 3 None of wells were adequately developed before tests were run. Transmissivity values are considered to be low estimates. • k ' Figures k — a i x. z P ... ..%• 25 ; AO Ve 29, — 2d 30 .. " ' t ..., 28 ' ;27 , ' ) , 1 26/ r ' •• , ' t'l e , ■ ; f ; %.\.... • • , . , , ' • i .,' • ••:..e•-■::: ' „ • ' ' 1 z. . _ ) ... . & - . , - 7. I: ,' t C. 4 „ . • . , . • . - • • i .. ..., , ... t 9. ,, ).:. • , 0 ' , . - .. ,. , ; iv , , . • , .., . _ . • . 4E9 LN , ; . .,„. I l l T • enc. : ......• %vc, iis r • ...., ..... • - • . 3 , r ■ ei''' 1 ' • i • . N .,1. , . 498 i 2 I \ r ''. 1 ' — 4 \ 1 ' • ' • •N • I '• ' i ' ) 31 ,i) . ii : 36 L) cn \ *"36 ' , 7 Location of - , -,, , .3 Lii : -,,,. , 3 . 3 ; , ( 1 ,,,.... , ,4 34: ,,, 35 ) s. l g. , r 4 ,.;:i . i ' ' I))L . Geothermal . L.-t .0( , , ., _ t it \ . . pram Spri ,,,,.. waits ' 1 • ".... 1 1 1" ' • 'r , .,i,. • .11'' • t C r , 'f ■'. . t , IN‘ f I • 4 I M.--c 1 ‘ s ' \ -•3 t , ' -.' -‘' ' ' ' . 1 • Ije . _ . ,...1 , . - 1 \ ' -• i i u.i., ! - , . tb ... i - " , 1 i tn.1 ge ''. - ' ‘ ' 1 1.8 ' ••• ) i • 1 ''• '. . , C 4-4' 4 ' '%■% ''' \\\ 1 " iA , ' \ • • ...., , ' . 1 \I r t•N \ 41111 3 ---.. 1,,, . 4.R , ■ ,„ -, 2 . 4 ,f + , k '...- ', i 5 , LI 4 \ .,,,,,,, ., 3 • i' '.... -- "-- ' N A , v4 0 ' ' ' ' • a. t% i kf . t •• k „f„, ,.., ( , — , ,,,, , ,, \-.....,-, • • . , ) ,,, i • • ,, 4 I „ y4 1 ., , .s. , . ‘ .., • ,/ . '4 -, k ti . . t Ills ' •I , I ' .• to /i t, 0 . , • '4•,.: —L. • .. , ... i ' 1 < ' \ . , ' , . '' -.J ( ( 1 . •761) Y" ' , , ..,, . t .4 . > ...40 , i <,■•` *1 t 1 ' 'i , • • .6 \ 't i • t - ... : I k • . 'i - ..f . N 4* , . . 10 ) - "11 ;,- ' 12'; F x > -,, , t.... :) ,,,p2,„ , r 1, ,,,,..k ... ___ . ,,., .,8,,,, . . „. , • ,.• .... J.) 1. l>0. -rt , — • )• ,, --. ‘ I 3...4 _ ■,,, .N. - ise .- - • ;,,,, - 0 23 0 t ? . 1, ..% ,, ., i - % 1\ \ "., ''''• -,....r .. \ ' t Z ... . : t ,. -,„,- I ...I , — -' \ • '. 4 ,, ' • --- .... 411111P■ r•—. : .4 -- . 1 4 / c II: 9, - 7 •• , :-- ,-- , Ill _ ''. v ‘ ' i • ; - — - -- - - - r '..--•::--- - ' \ 4'‘ '1 4, Lop ...--:-.. _ . s.. • 'S " * '' 1 • ' \ i \ \ i ,* ! i „ . . - " 7---7 ": . •.... — .r. ''' •"% . ', ' v ' \ \ ) . , _____ ,) I .. , . , f As\,..• , ,•\, :77 •-te" •-; - • .: ., ., '' %\ • I f '' ' '. I N4 i • s . , ' 1 , - .---- t -, , .„/"Ica-----• \\:, I \ I : " 17 • po . ' - '76' , '' ' ' • 15, , ., , ' , 1r r : , ) 0 tn 23 i m-- .., • . —4 .....------- .. , 1 (} , i • 3 7: r, • "° .,,,, , • • • i • T90 '.. I i ,....,. R. 1.,.. ,. ,..... r . '. ' ' ' ' ." ‘1 Staging --'. \ ' \ L ' 111.. - .. 1 , -- 4:e ' - I Z '..• 0 CO Allb c i 11 m > 20 .. '.. It ,N • -- 41 \. i ---- ---.419','1•090", , / J s . - . ar ' v ,- -, ., , -. , • Z .- 5----4 , .14- ........ii , ir-4....: , „ ,,, • . --.. ., v, i . — „ ' • . I„, 0 ,..K. , 0 „ ( . N .''' 4. \\ ,,, , ., •- , .. , .. w::/,t-N.;,0---, ,-4 - '4 , , ) ,' .24 : t . ,,, .. .., - .... ) 2)/i k , .., , ..,. '.... \ i, • . ' :' . i f/ ' -- ; , ;,,Ok - ' ,.- ° . ° ! 1 '.;:i ., s • ,,/: - ••• -, '• - • -•'.- - (,,, • ' )! '''•!--;'• ' ' I 'll; \ : - ' \.`:, ','.. i i t ' ' • '• L k i',014,,,,,,, , , '.:-, ,,,,,, :,.::.....:, :..„,, , .... 22 23 t. ' 00116•• L'.:-.11% iL•iit, amin,i ';,4 Artteto. (ek : :r'.;-:.:•''' •141 eff . . • • • ' ' . ) , gi '. 1 , ' 56 miles to Nome '1 tEr a . I • S 1982 June July August September Y 1. Air shipment of drill rig and equipment from Anchorage 1 • 1 2. Delivery of pipe and drilling supplies in Nome 1∎ •—I 3. Mobilization of equipment and supplies to Pilgrim Springs - --I 4. Helium - sampling and preliminary surveys Owl 5. Drilling schedule of wells: PS -3 F.••. f PS-4 PS-5 1 MI -1 —�1 M 6. Hydraulic and hydrothermal testing I ' 1-1 7. Demobilization Project No. Pilgrim Springs Figure 15267A SCHEDULE OF 1982 FIELD ACTIVITIES 2 Woodward -Clyde cons u tants • 0 N 500W 400W 300W 200W 100W WOE r' 100N l !, v M CI --1 _ -- Origin at AO "" 1 / Church ' •� c I 1 f 0 y op Z a C / O loos- 0 ct 30 / 200S - .�- PS -10 6/---____________- ._ - 4O 4O--- PS -2 • PS -3 / • 300S - -+ -- 30 - c .MI -1 80 O 40 cn C / O 7() d 60 / 400S - .r 4— / + -- 1 .. O 60 A 500S - ,...Y—. - SO _ _ PS'5 ~ • BOOS , , S 0 EXPLANATION 1 500 feet -30 1979 Temperature contour ( ° C) at 4.5 -meter depth — Radar lineament Property boundary Q B.L.M. survey corner 0 Geothermal well and number Modified after Osterkamp and Others. 1980 Project No. Pilgrim Springs LOCATION OF GEOTHERMAL WELLS 15267A AND 1979 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS Figure Woodward-Clyde Consultants TO 100 - METER GRID 3 • • 400W 300W 200W 100W Y loos t I I '' N T4S, R31 W, Sec. 36 .. ... t T5S, R31 W, Sec. 3 200S }— —}— • PS - — 4. X6 9• PS -2 • 25516, 2A d y i N 3 A 7,:i 300S M I 1 : �" 11130 tt I PS o o w — T N -w - • PS-4 0 (S c J 9 cu 400S o > + — co J J Q, m al N -4- - 500S I 4— — — l • PS -5 • I 1 I I 0 200 400 feet EXPLANATION • 0 Geothermal well and number Q B.L.M. survey corner - - 100 -meter grid coordinate Project No. Pilgrim Springs 15267A SURVEYED LOCATION OF SIX GEOTHERMAL Figure vho!awa„d -Clyde Consultants WELLS WITH RESPECT TO WELL PS -2 4 r 1 • 0 N 500W 400W 300W 200W 100W 100E 100N ' ' M v ( O. 5.29 t Origin at RO �' 1 Church c : a`) w a I I E a) m 5. •+ + 6 . 3 m • O. M z c 7. 100S- 2 -�- _1 147 4 / g 0 „• 5 .28 5.20 5.22 .47 31.72 6.09 527 6.79 0 5.26 200S - � - 40 5.23 5.44 528 5.2• 6.12 6.10 6.09 13.24 21.84/ 5.26 5.29 • • • • • • • • 626 511 9.67 / 5.36 / 6.91 7.07 8.63 113.76 08 87 7 5.23 5.27 • 300S a / -- is - 12.78 3.49 6.21 7.74 5.3 6.08 6.77 21.28 5.33 . 5.35 • • 7 0 / • • • / • • • 5.44 7.87 • �� ., 88 .91 5. 60X 6.84 15.27 5.29 15.31 5.27 5.89 4005 - + rs• � i 50 27 ��i.11 7.40 6.0 / 11.14 14.50 5.61 1[ 13.75 /5.63 M • :\ • • • • 7 ,..•• / • •g T ,` 1 6A4 CP A� 5005 - Ai 6.88 5.54 15.83 5.3 111.63 7.11 ' ! 5.36 5.84 3 50 \ 1 5.52 5 - 4 7 5.28 5.26 5.2 • f • • • 5.21 BOOS 1 f S 0 500 feet EXPLANATION 1111111 -30 1979 Temperature contour ( ° C) at 4.5 -meter depth ..-- Radar lineament Property boundary 0 B.L.M. survey corner 6./6 1982 Helium sample site and concentration (in ppm) 6.21 1979 Helium sample site and concentration (in ppm) • Modified after Osterkamp and others, 1980 Project 15267Ao Pilgrim Springs CORRELATION OF SOIL - HELIUM F igure CONCENTRATIONS WITH 1979 SHALLOW 5 w Consultants TEMPERATURE CONTOURS • • 2 -inch side ports with 2 -inch valves _________. .o....■ 10 -inch blind flange 111 - C-- -10 -inch master gate valve G.L. o•e• •e • �0,0t.,, '0+ ;7 f ; ` 661 ; e i t ;o 0 . f 0, 16 -inch casing in 20 -inch auger hole Cement L a : r :O Ur O Cp e . e ties 4% , i 7 1. 1 0 — 58 ft i 10 -inch casing in 14 -% inch '• hole LI Ti 3 a ..,z3--- 6 -inch casing in 9 inth hole _167.5 ft I) 1 a. I I l 3- X 5 -inch concentric reducer I I I welded on 3 -inch pipe overlap 12 ft e I1 l 11 I I I ! - 3..• --3 -inch slotted casing 1 1 1 Total length 105 ft I1 1 II I _ T.D. drilled 260 ft I I I Project No. Pilgrim Springs Figure 15267A CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -3 1 Woodward-Clyde Consultants • 0 .�.. -_ —. 10 -inch blind flange with 1 -inch nipple 10 inch master valve cs, for flow 2-inch outlets with valves G.L. - ° °• ° • •.* :" 19 ft: 16 -inch casing • 19 ft %; �= �� .••• in 20 -inch hole • ,. .. L 0 we•, , + : `0 sa ,,, _.C}....._._ 86.52 ft: 10 -inch casing . ° 0, in 14 -% inch hole � • • •° •o •• •'. 86.5 ft '. •° .o G O .• •0 Or •• •• Cement — 0 00 10 187.42 ft:8 -inch casing 0O '''`::3 '� /O 0 0 in 9 - inch hole 0 IO • GO 187.4 ft :a c 0# 5 ft drill pipe, 3 drill collars, 7 - in, stabilizer, sub float & bit for total length of 70.2 ft of steel left in hole ..<2..__ Open hole 9 inch to 520 ft; 7- inch below Lost drill stem in open hole TD drilled 881 ft at Project No. Pilgrim Springs C ASING PROFILE OF WELL PS-4 t i S 15267A Figure Woodward-Clyde Consultants 0 10 -inch blind flange - -C:o.- n 10 -inch master gate valve —.� 2 -inch side ports with 2-inch valves 2 each G.L. ..,..o a 4� e . ms —Ct °• , :41 eo 16 -inch casing in 11 ft ��, •., �a .+j 20 -inch auger hole • • ae • Le Od o� �_} 10 -inch casing in 4 ft /(7:6co: bd 14 -% inch hole � o / ° d ° V o D a eb ° o o a ° e .. 8-inch casing in d OA 14-3/4 inch hole Cement °d a ° D 0 Doe 0. o bd• d 00 0. ° ° • •• Overlap 10 ft e �n ` J c a o ...=3 6- X 7 -inch concentric 178 ft If reducer .sue- - - - 6 -inch casing in 7 - inch hole V.1 r 588 ft 'o , i I : $° I I ; 20 ft cement at bottom of 6 -inch casing. 3- X 5 -inch I I I concentric reducer III I 1 '.::::, 441 ft: 3 -inch slotted casing III 1 11 981 ft I I T.D. drilled 1001 ft I Project No. Pilgrim Springs Figure 15267A CASING PROFILE OF WELL PS -5 g Woodward•Ciytle Consultants • 0 10-inch blind flange —1:::.• 1 ) , 10-inch master gate valve --- 2-inch side ports with 1.--7.--- . 2-inch valves — G.L. - • 20 ft 16-inch in • 20-inch hole tn: o .6% ...."4,: • c : :4 , 04o •4r 0, tic .......■ 20 ft e.. I o • . e•I'. 0 0 6 0 ti ..:0 • O. : b 0.40 '. • * 0:r 4 .0. , •...■ ..■ Ci, ,,,, ;" -,,,' :-/.• c . •., •:.•,".) - -IA , 80 ft ,, ... -,,,. - I 1,E■ r 8-inch in 14% inch hole Cement 151 ft ■.. -.) I I 1 I _________ 6-inch in 14-% inch hole 1 1 1 1 0.••4• I I I ;4• ;111:.;1! 4.* • ......• a.' e •Ita" *" I I I I t ...,'• .oill 232 ft ., : .• •, 1/4 1 I '' I -',..irt I I ..<7.-.... 3-inch slotted casing 84 ft I I T.D. 307 ft 1 I Project No. Pilgrim Springs Figure 15267A CASING PROFILE OF WELL MI-1 9 1 Woodward.Clyde Consultants I • 0 . , \'--, p t„GRikt 4 —.4.111 ■ qi i ' I I a , ..i. „..„.. \ \ -x ,... ',......____ Iii,iP Pilgrim - psi: • e C.' , ffig Chur : Springs I 0 ( / g II -V. '.......... ----, 8 PS1491 0 PS2. V 0 Spa / . ill O,f,t.,:4 M k'•:::..4zu,,,, D PS3 ' Ot ... PS4 i-'22 ( v , PS5 ..A I - C IA , 4 s, `•....____--"/ \ \--z , N ..../ , --- 0 If '■ _ _ „---- Scale II 9 .5 1km I EXPLANATION ® Weir location; data in a Appendix D El) Well location Lake Project No. Pilgrim Springs RELATIONSHIP OF PILGRIM SPRINGS Figure : 15267A WELL FIELD TO SURFACE STREAMS 10 Woodward-Clyde Conscdtants .......... • S .. . ,,. i i .WTI CLAYEY SILT and' - s'�/ • i s o,scan,io. �»Wa, SAND (cont'd.) • -SILT . .' ' . - �%' • " P .6'..>••••• 400- SAND and some SILT ' SILTY SAND SILT •!•/ - GRAVELLY SAND • i. •i � ; — '. _ /, /; -SAND • : _ 1 0 0 .:_• SANDSTONE • :;� • ..- / ' / • ' ,.;�' ,: 500 _ ; r _ GRAVEL and SAND ... - :'t : SAND, SILTY SANDSTONE, ' - SAND and CLAYEY SILT • • 200 SANDSTONE and GRAVEL '" and SANDY SILTSONE GRAVEL - 1 ....4.:4:h 600:: �� /r, SAND • -• _ : SAND, CLAY, and • . . :.•••::4; - _ SANDSTONE , GRAVEL, and ,8 :+D.': CLAYEY SILT - CLAYEY SILT 74f1) : y %s I - SAND - : SILT and SAND -,� • 300_ , • - SAND, SILT, and - GRAVEL - • CLAYEY ▪ «.y . SILT - SANDSTONE and >:: _ -/ / '/ = CLAYEY SILTSTONE ?4'01'.••:• - / / // • = CLAYEY SILT and SAND r • • • - , i ' — _ iii r $00— � /-7 / - % % % / / / r / r - SANDSTONE and SAND s.. 4•.Y ;, ;-. T.D. 881 ft r l Project No. Pilgrim 15267A Springs GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC LOG Figure Woodward-Clyde Consultants OF WELL PS -4 11 • • 0 • 5 + — o x. \•. 10— x. - t N., o. \ \•. \ \ 15 — \ ** ' x — \ .� O \ I i 1 200 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature, in ° C EXPLANATION x PS -5 O MI - PS-4 a PS -3 • • Mean daily air (est.) Project No. Pilgrim Springs I NITIAL SHALLOW TEMPERATURE F igure 5267A GRADIENT AT FOUR WELL SITES 12 Woodward-Clyde • • r ti GL 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 ,A 10 — ' — 1979 Soil Temperature 20 — ( — c 30 — I — _ _ N � 4 ,p ` 0 o 50 — 1 — I I 60 — — 70 — 90.8 ° C at 75 feet —► I 1 I I I $0 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Temperature, in ° C EXPLANATION ;F Well shut -in --- -- — Well flowing Project No. Pilgrim Springs t5267A TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL PS-1 Figure Woodvnucl- Clyde eConsultants SEPTEMBER 25, 1982 13 1 1 • • GL I 1 1 1 ' 10- - 1979 Soil Temperature X 20 -- — a , 30— - • 40 — - W 0 .a N 50 — .- 60 - ( - 70 - I -' 80 90.4 ° C at 87 feet --- +1 90 1 I I 1 I 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature, in ° C EXPLANATION Well shut -in — — — Well flowing Project 15267Ao Pilgrim s rin s p g TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL PS -2 Figure I , SEPTEMBER 26, 1982 14 o W othmard°Ciyde —.._ • 0 I I 1 ✓ 1 100 - 1 c I U i j L i N /' 2 200 — — l0 �/ 2 '49.1 °C at 245 feet o • 300 — EXPLANATION ci Well shut -in — Well flowing X Soil temperature I I I I 1 I 4 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature , in °C Project No. Pilgrim Springs 15267A TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL PS -3 Figure v ave C Consultants SEPTEMBER 25, 1982 7 5 - I 1 • • 0 — ' X —July 1982 100 - R 200 - 300 - ` - ,c 7 400 - ` - 3 0 = Data below 500 feet questioned. o 500 - Probe apparently hanging up. - EXPLANATION 600 - - Well shut -in - - --- Well flowing X Soil temperature 700 - - 800 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature, in °C Project No.1 Pilgrim Springs 15267A 1 4 TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL PS -4 Figure SEPTEMBER 27,1$$2 16 Woodward -Clyde Consultants • 0 x X X, x ' X- July 1982 100 — 1 1 1 1 200 — \ — 1 300 — I — 1 1 r 400 — 1 L • O 5 500 — a m 600 ` — EXPLANATION 700 \� Well shut —in — Well flowing X Soil temperature 800 — \ — 48.1 °C at 894 feet 1 /1 I 900 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature, in °C Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL PS -5 Figure Woodvnaird•Cly�deConsulta SEPTEMBER 26, 1982 17 I • 0 - X I X , 1 I , 100- ) - U c 200 - ' - co 3 j o t / ` EXPLANATION a, 300 - 20 °C at 285 feet. Well shut -in - • —. —• Well flowing X Soil temperature , , I I I , 400 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature, in °C 1 a I Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF WELL MI -1 Figure Woodward -Clyde Consuttants SEPTEMBER 25, 1982 18 • • 0 i _, .... 1 1 Y . t •. ----_ 100 /T(e(rti/al/A/c:(ii(e(S/y(te/m//� / �- 200 - c ." -- . I t -_ - � . -- -J 300 - Y d I \ 0 w 400 - a ■ c is o Ti 500 - • L a+ Q es I 600 - EXPLANATION -- -- PS -1 --------- .---- PS -2 • PS -3 700 - - - ----- PS -4 4 PS -5 1 MI -1 800 - I 1 I I I i I i 900 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 - Temperature, in °C 1 i a Project No. Pilgrim Springs TEMPERATURE VERSUS DEPTH PROFILES Figure 15267A MWoociward.Clyyde Consultants OF SIX GEOTHERMAL W E LLS 19 • • 50- PS -5 : K 40- > PS -3 °' PS -4 7 CI nr M I -1 ca 30- v .. : -o--- PS-2 to V:::::- r �" ... PS -1 E 2 20- ''`` :: Surface Seeps and Springs 0 0 w 10- g High Temperature Zone 0 1 1 I 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1 Depth of perforated interval, in feet i I 1 t y 1 Project No. Pilgrim Springs RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASED 1 15267A ARTESIAN HEAD AND INCREASING Figure Woodward-Clyde -Clyde Cansufarrts DEPTH, SEPTEMBER 22, 1982 20 Woodward-Clyde I • • I 6.0' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 t 1 1 11 I r 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pre -test level = 4.92 feet 5.0- —0 • 4— • ''--� - 1.0 `\ •-• Declining discharge rate • • • • • c c 3.0 - �� • R ......... `` � • • ..• - 2.0 g 1. 2 A s = 0.75 feet � -a • \.... • 0 - 3.0 • • 1.0- - 4.0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1. 5.0 1 10 100 1000 10000 Time, T, in minutes T =2645 - C - 1= 36 gpm As As = 0.75 feet = 12,600 9pdfft K= T b = 30 feet b = 420 gpd /ft Test data of July 1 -3, 1982 Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs SEMI - LOGARITHMIC PLOT OF HEAD VS. TIME Figure Woodward-Clyde Consultants FOR PS -2 DURING FLOW TEST OF PS -2 21 • • i i 4 i 1 12 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 I I I i Pre -test level = 10.79 feet 11 — 1 — 0 t i 1 10 - } - 1.0 y m iv 9— • - 2.0 w c • c • 3 r • o m • v S 8— m — 3.0 p` •• • 7 — .--- „,... As = 0.32 feet ~”' — 4.0 6 5.0 5 I I I 1 1 t i t i I i 1 , 1 t 1 t I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 100 1000 Time, T, in minutes T = 2645 Q = 50 gpm, • As s s = 0.32 feet = 41,000 gpd /ft K = T b = 694 feet b = 60 gpolft Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs SEMI — LOGARITHMIC PLOT OF HEAD VS. TIME Figure woodr+vaird-gydeConsultants FOR PS -4 DURING FLOW TEST OF PS -4 22 • • 12 I I I I I I III I I I 1 I i I I i i 1 1 I i 1 1 1 11 � Pre -test level = 10.31 feet — _. 0 10 • 1.0 d • .• d 9 ••� c • to ' N — 2.0 0 As = 2.20 feet —'� o � " — 3.0 7 N. j `� I N 4.0 v 6 i i 5.0 1 5 I i I I I I I i l I 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 I 1 1 1 11 0.1 1 10 100 Time, T, in minutes T = 26415 Q = 21 gpm As As = 2.20feet = 2500 gpd /ft K =T b= 156feet b = 16 gpd /ft Project No. Pilgrim Springs SEMI — LOGARITHMIC PLOT OF HEAD VS. TIME Figure 15267A FOR MI -1 DURING FLOW TEST OF MI -1 23 Woodward•Clyde Consultants • ( 1 I 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pre -test level = 12.45 feet 0 12 1.0 11 2.0 d v 10 — c I • • • ` : ••■ 4 _, — 3.0 0 g — � — 4.0 Os = 2.84 feet 8 — 5.0 7 6 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 100 1000 Time, T, in minutes T =264U rl =21gpm As As = 2.84feet = 2000 gpd /ft K = T b = 93feet b = 20 gpd /ft Project No, 15267A Pilgrim Springs SEMI— LOGARITHMIC PLOT OF HEAD VS. TIME Figure Woodyard -Clyde Consultants FOR PS -3 DURING FLOW TEST OF PS -3 24 • • 70 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60— • •\ d \ — c 50 — c AO a c 40— • d \� n 30 - m fs C1 20 — — 10 — — 0 t I I I I I I I I I ( I I I ! f 1 I I I I! , 1 10 100 1000 Time, T, in minutes T = 264 AO s = 20.3 feet s /IQ = 24.8gpm = 320 gpd /ft K = T = 320/393 = 0.82 gpd /ft 2 b I I Project No. 15267A Pilgrim Springs 1 SEMI— LOGARITHMIC PLOT OF DISCHARGE VS. Figure Cl � 1 TIME FOR PS -5 DURING FLOW TEST OF PS -5 25 Woodward-yde • • Qa 0.05 cfs / Springs Ja =6MW Q s � 0.15 cfs _ J =2 mw Thawed Area Ground Surface Ground -water Shallow Aquifer System outflow � Q cfs Jgw 10 -15 MW J 1MW V 2 N E cn Ground -water ry outflow ( ?) cn ' J MW ✓ _ N Y A O. "- N fD n a 0 0 0 0 11 r LEGEND Q = ground -water flow rate J = heat flow rate (referred to 0 ° C) Project No. Pilgrim Springs 15267A g CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HOTTEST AREA OF Figure Woodward-Clyde Consultants PILGRIM SPRINGS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM 26 . . G 1 6 2007 SCANNED AU cJ o/? h J O~ /-c{ W r¿ If J ..... ---------- J6-'L / ~ I~ Ì/ (v~. ;: / S-o O~_~žr/""~r/~y No. I /~;:: ----~ . ~ ~<>£ I J'o' /Vov <=J"' ¡"'.n', J /\/tJlJ ¿o, I ~ ?1 /Vð. I G' cl fh ~~ a.......e. ~ ~ T: {).;~ ~ ~~ cjJ-L_ ~--4 -if ~ ~ ~~p~ ~ API No. (14-Digit) 50031200010000 50031200020000 50031200030000 QOD \\l\) Suffix Permit Operator 00 1790780 ST OF AK DIV OF ENERGY & POWER DEVELOPMENT 00 1790850 ST OF AK DIV OF ENERGY & POWER DEVELOPMENT 00 1790900 ST OF AK DIV OF ENERGY & POWER DEVELOPMENT t~J SiP c1t:? {/ /)'Íf -\J~} SCANNED AUG 162007 ..-- Well Name Pilgrim Spring 1 Pilgrim Spring 2 Pilgrim Spring 3 BHL (S-T-R) MERIDIAN 36-04S-31W KATEEL RIVER 03-05S-31W KATEEL RIVER 03-05S-31W KATEEL RIVER . . U / October 9, 1985 ""'- ~ ~'::''' -' ' e¢ona i 'SR C,E~L k / / i~ZAYTECR~ Mr. Ro~rt E. Oli~ey Chief, Tec~i~l Se~ices ~ Z F ~[~ /~ ~/ Alaska De~r~nt of Trans~rtation and Pubiic Facilities 2301 Peger R~d Fair~s, Alaska 99701 ~ar Mr. Oligney: Re: Pilgrim River 1, NPAOO 071-OYD-4-850119 In accordance with Section 401 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 and provisions of the Alaska Water Quality Standards, the Department of EnVironmental Conservation is issuing the enclosed Certificate of Reasonable Assurance for the proposed retention of 56,000 cubic feet of gravel fill 'material-placed in'wetlands without prior authorization to construct a roadway .to Pilgrim Hot Springs. The roadway is 14 feet wide by 3 feet minimum depth and has two 7 foot lanes. It crosses wetlands for approximately 3.7 miles and includes approximately 10 acres of wet tundra. Culverts were placed for drainage. Seventeen turnouts were located approximately every 900 feet along the portion of the roadway crossing wetlands, dimensions being 30 feet long by 14 feet wide. Fill material was hauled from the material source by truck. Filter cloth was placed on original ground in areas directed by the engineer. The project was completed September 1984. This department action represents only one element of the overall project level coastal management consistency determination issued by the Office of Management and Budget under AS 44.19 and 6 AAC 50.070. Department of Environmental Conservation regulations provide that any person who disagrees with any portion of this decision, may request an adjudicatory hearing in accordance with 18 AAC 15.200-310. The request should be mailed to the C6mmissioner of the Department of Environmental Conservation, Pouch O, Juneau, Alaska 99811, or delivered to his office at 3220 Hospital Drive, Juneau. Failure to file a statement of issmes within thirty days of receipt of this shall con- stitute a waiver of your right to judicial review of this decision. RECEIVED OCT1 Alaska 0il & Gas Cons. Commission Anchorage Mr. Robert E. Oligney -2- October 9, 198'5 By copy of this letter we are advising the Army of Corps of Engineers and the Division of Governmental Coordination of our actions and enclosing a copy of the certification for their use. Sincerely, Douglas L. Lowery Regional Environmental Supervisor Enclosure: Certificate of Reasonable Assurance cc: Corps of Engineers EPA, AOO ADL, Fairbanks ADF&G ADO&G NMFS USF&WS ADEC, Juneau ADEC, Nome OMB/GCU, Fairbanks Bering Strait Coastal Resources, Area District Board Kawarek, Inc City of Nome RECEIVED OCT1 Alaska Oil & Gas Cons. Commissio~ Anchorage STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AFTER THE FACT CERTIFICATE OF REASONABLE ASSURANCE A Certificate of Reasonable Assurance, as required by Section 401 of the Clean Water Act, has been requested by the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT/PF), 2301 Peger Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, for the proposed retention of 56,000 cubic yards of fill material placed in wetlands without prior authorization to construct a roadway to Pilgrim Hot Springs. The roadway is 14 feet wide by 3 feet minimum depth and has two 7 foot lanes. It crosses wetlands for approximately 3.7 miles and includes approximately 10 acres of wet tundra. Culverts were placed for drainage. Seventeen turnouts were located approximately every 900 feet along the portion of the roadway cros- sing wetlands, dimensions being 30 feet long by 14 feet wide. Fill material was hauled from the material source by truck. Two feet of filter cloth was placed on original ground in areas directed by the engineer. The project was completed September 1984. The proposed activity is the western portion of Pilgrim Hot Springs Road north of Nome, Alaska, Section 1, 2, 11, 12, and 13, T.5S., R.31W., Section 18, T.5S., R.30 W., Kateel River Meridian. Public NotiCe of the application .for this certification has been made in ac- cordance with 18 AAC 15.180. Water Quality Certification is required for the proposed activity because-the activity will be authorized by a Department of the Army permit identified as Pilgrim River 1, NPACO No. 071-OYD-4-850119 and a discharge may result from the proposed activity' Having reviewed the application and comments received in response to the public notice, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation certifies that there is reasonable assurance that the proposed activity, as well as any discharge which may result, is in compliance with the requirements of Section 401 of the Clean Water Act which include the Alaska Water Quality Standards, 18 AAC 70, and the Standards of the Alaska Coastal Management Program, 6 AAC 80. Date: RECEIVED Regional Environmental Supervisor 0 age THRU: Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Hoyle H. Hamilton Chairman of the Commis~.~ Lonnie C. Commissioner Blair E. Wondzell Petroleum Engineer November 15, 1979 Inspection of Geothermal Drilling: Pilgram Hot Springs 11/1/79 Left home at 6z30 AM for a 7:40Wien departure. Met Vic Mittasch, President of Exploration Supply and Equipment, Inc. on board the Wien flight. We arrived Nome at about 10:30 AM. Because of low overcast and icing conditions, we were unable to proceed to PilgramHot Springs. We met Jim Thresher - he leased the drilling rig to Exploration Supply & Equipment - he and Vic discussed various equipment and supply problems. Based on a pilot report, Stinky Hardy of Seward Peninsula Airways flew us into Pilgram Hot Springs via Teller. We arrived about 12:40 PM after a very low AGL flight. We were met by Jeff Kline & Tom Williams, DGGS; Mark Knight (driller), Bill Brown and Louie Green, Jr. (helpers), and Jeff Mauktaz (cook), E,$.&E, The tophole (7 7/8") had been drilled to 52' and 6" I.D. (sch 40) csg run to 50'. 'The casing was not cemented because the silica flour for the cement mix was still out at the road. About 10 PM Louie Green, Sr. arrived via Bombardier, he had various supplies including the silica flour. 11/2/79 The contractor filled the 400 gal. mixing tank about half full of the warm brine water (from the creek) andmi~.~?.three sacks of cement, one of silica flour and one-half sack of bentonite. I'~Was asked if the mix looked ok. I said it was too thin. A sack at a time was added. The final mix w~s eleven sacks of cement, twoof silica flour and one sack of bentonite. Lacking the proper 6" collar, a. 6" HOWCO float collar was pushed on top of the casing flange. Circulation was obtathe4"with mud. The cement was pumped into the well, had good cement returns; a wiper plug was then pushed to bottom wtth the drill pipe. M~g and displacement time was about three hours. I took a twelve hours. The weather was bad, ~herefore the airplane which Vic had scheduled to take him back to Nome did not arrive. That evening I went thru the B. J. Cementing Tables with Vic. He didn't know they existed. 11/3/79 The ceiling was slightly higher; Vic's airplane arrived about 9 AM. They installed the 6" gate valve on top of the 6" weld neck casing flange, then 'the mud tee which had a 4" side outlet with a 2" side outlet off of the 4" nipple; a plug valve was installed on the end of the 2" and a 4" gate valve spection eothan( ~ Drilling~ Pilgram l',ot'~prings 1979 on the 4' nipple, then about 15' of flex hose. A Shaffer 2 3/8" stripper was installed on top of the mMd tee. They had to pull the drill~i~e joints thru the stripper. Using air, the rubber wil~r plug was drilled up (took awhile). Water flow during this air drilling was about 40 gpm at 162' F. After drilling up the plug, they mixed about 80 gallons of mud (3 sacks of Bentonite, I sack of Barite). Circulation was started with suction hose and discharge hose in the ~ud tank, mud flowed out thru the stripper. The return line was then put in the mud pit. (hole dug in the ground)! overflow thru the stripper sto~ped. Took 18u drive samples at 60' and 70'. Stoppe~ for the day. 11/4/79 Continued drilling to 73t in unconsolidated sands. At 730 the material became hard (silaceous cement). Drilled to 80' and took a drive sample - took several hundred blows (140 lb. drive hammer with 10~ of 6' casing added) to go 10', recovered 6' core. Drtlled 20' in very hard material and took another drive sample, used the stripper. Used 500 blows, went 10 recovered 4 ". 11/5/79 Wind and rain. Drilled to 151~ .in very hard material (some shor~ distances were less hard). Took ditch samp. les instead of drive samples.. Mud was very thick. After reaching total depth,, blew the mud out with air and the well started to flow. Flowed increased to about 200 gal per minute, 91° C (Z96~F) brine water. Shut in pressure was approxLmately 2 POunds - at a head elevation of 5 feet the flow died. 11/6/79 Wind and rain all day. Well closed in all night, had 3 lb. surface pressure. ~hile running in the hole, the dr~11 pipe unscrewed. Had to remove the stril~r to fish for it. Determined that the flow was fr°m about No airplane. Cal~led Lonnie via the radio at about 8~30 PM. Figured cement volumes and m~x on the nex~ cement Jobs for ~ark Knight. Could not run and cement casing on bottom because not enough casing was On location - it is in Nome. * Circulated hole full of cold water, started well flowing and then ran reel)stature traverse to locate bottom of hot water entry. 11/7- Wind, rain, an~ snow all day. E/11ed well with mud. Shut down operations Because o~ bad weather. Later, s~arted well flowing to obtain stabilized flow rates and .to obtain ~cleaned-up' water s~mples. Flowe~ well over night. 11/8/79 High clouds, light wind and hail showers. Reasonably clear 10 ~M to 1~30 PM. The Sewar~ Pen. airpla e was to stop on a return trip at about 2~30 PM, but ~he weather ~s ~ bad. Well still flowing, master valve would not shut off completely. A temperature traverse indicated the bottom of the hot weather entry at about 90t as before, k~lle~ well with Eresh, cold water mud (didn't have any barite to add). P~lled stripper,, mhd ~ee, and valve. FOUnd the bottom seal on the valve gate was broken.. Well started to flow, so bolted valve on with a blind flange on top. Blind flange .was a 6' weld neck flange on which Mark had welded a 1/4~ plate. Will mo~e to the next shallow well an~ come back later to install 4' or 5" csg. in this one. Rain turned to snow. ~ Drilllnq~ Ptlgra~ Rot Sprin~s 3 t 'e~ber 15, 1979 11/9/79 A beautiful morn~uq, clear and cool. The approved location for ~ell no. 2 of 250 meters south an~ 200 meters ~est ~as in a rain pond, so e~ved it to about 255 south and 210 ~est. hd le~t ~ at 9~44. Re ~vM at ~ut 10~10 P~* The a~lane ~qht ~ut 8 s~ o~ ~t~ and a ~eplac~nt for B~ll Br~ ~o ~$ ~q ~k to ~ ~ a~r~~ for a ~llcop~r ~0 ~ve ~e supplies in ~ ~e ~d. A ~o ~t~ w~th PtI~E~ d~sclo~ ~ hole 02 ~$ ~11~ ~o 50~. I le[t N~e '~ Wten fllgh~ 50 ~d arrived In ~c~rage ~uk I1~30 ~, Alaska's Oldest Newspaper - Member of The Associated Press THEORY INTO PRACTICE Geotheranal Dr lllh g Underwa ,At Pilgrim Springs Site By NANCY McGUIRE Nome Nugget Science Writer The State of Alaska is putting theory into practice and has funded a demonstration pro- ject to collect information on the geothermal energy at Pilgrim Hot Springs, some 60 miles north of Nome. Don Markle is acting as coordinator for the project and Dr. Bill Ogle is a geothermal con- sultant for the state. Geothermal energy is cre- ated by a deep underground heat source. Water turns to steam when it come near the heat source. The steam energy can be harnessed .to produce electricity An on-site visitation was made Friday by Rep. Jack Fuller, C. J. Phillips and his wife Rosemary, and myself. Everyone expressed a great deal of hope for the potential of geothermal energy in this re- gion. The well-known bush pilot, Stinky Hardy, flew us in and landed us amidst the steam and brimstone where we were greeted by pigs, goats and geese which are raised at the springs. Lou and Ann Green and their son Kelly maintain the buildings at Pilgrim and Jeff Macktaz is the c'smp cook.. All were excited because a drilling rig had just been brought in and set up. Mark Knight, the driller, and his helper, William Brown stated that the rig had been hauled in on a loTM boy truck from Nome. It was driven to Mile 58 on the Kougarok Road and then eight miles across the tundra to its present location. Jeff Kline from the State Geological Survey in Fairbanks and Tom Will'iams, a groundwater hydrologist from Anchorage explained that Pilgrim Hot Springs is located in a deep sedi- mentary basin with alluvial fill and glacial de- posits greater than 600. feet'deep. Seismic and resistivity studies did not find a bedrock basin but did find a pancake-shaped layer starting from 1.5 to 2 meters below the surface to 36 meters.. One meter equals a little more than a yard. The springs are fed from a water source so deep that it has yet to be found. ' Four shallow holes (150 feet deep) and one Y deep hole (500 feet 'deep) will be drilled to further define subsurface rock structure, find the hot water plume, and tie in geophysical data that was collected this last summer. A Las- er beam was used to survey the precise location of the holes from the bench marks. Pilgrim Hot Springs generates about 10 meg- awatts of'heat flux at its surface. At the present time this heat is just escaping into the atmos- phere. It is hoped that the proiect will enable at least 25 to 30 percent of the energy to be harnessed in the form of wet steam to generate electricity. There is little danger of depleting the water source here because the hot springs are only 14 feet above sea level and back pressure from the nearby Bering Sea will replace any lost water. There is much reason to believe that geother- mal heat is a partial solution to our energy problem. Thanks to the people who had the ini- tiative to get the Pilgrim Hot Springs project started. (See Photos on Page 4 ) Bush poor at d Elderly Gain Most from $ amp , The rural poor and the elderly have been the chief benefactors of the changes which were made in' the food stamp program last January, said Agriculture Secretary Bob Bergland. Testifvina before the House committee on Agric~ltu're,['Bergland said that dropping the requirement that people must pay a lump sum of cash to buy lhe stamps added 2.9 million recipients to tl!e program. l:te ~itl nearly half the number are rural (bush in Alaska) poor. At the same t/me he said the number of el- derly households in the program increased 32 percent while ail others increased 14 percent. Bergland added that "the gap between the poor and the rest of the country appears to be widenina." The majority of food stamp users have t, ross incomes ot' less than S3;000, Bergland tole] the committee. Bob Corde , Nomeite, Robert Cordem~an, ~ was known in Nome; chef and a bartender, t Oct. 20 at the Vel, er Hospital in Portland. was 64. The Cordermans h lived in Nome for n' than 20 years when t sold their home and l chased a trailer park Schools Wi' A New Gra A grant which will vide funds for special chers and materials t( sist some 140 student~, been received by None School Districi was announced by Da Har .gr_ aves,' superinten, of s6hools this week. The grant of $137,557 through Title I of Eler taw and Secondary Ed tion Act, lIar~aves saii Tl~e 14'0 s[udents t, aided are below grad~ vel in reading andma matics. The teachers are Be !3.ranlgar, Jane Koyul~ lVlyra Poa8e. Eddie Devine Back in Town Eddie Devine is ba~ ;own again after sper five weeks at Provid Hospital in Anchorage undergoing lung surg~l Eddie, ~i carpentry tractor, said he feels again and will. shortl5 back to the job of er lng Colo's Restaurant -~GEOLOGIST -Jeff' Klin'e~ a ~eologiSt'for 'the-project, is shown sbtting uP his laser instrumeni'i Jeff Maektaz, camp cook, looks · The pond'in the back~ound is one of the sprin$,s. M, ANAGER - Ann ..Green t~kes charge 'of the house' and the kids while they are- at.. the hot springs, no small .f~qt as anyone can tell you wh° has had to feed and manage a"large group of hard-working farmers. IN CHARGE - Louie Green Sr. has been farming the land at Pilgrim for several years. The Greens and their 'family all work during the summer 'months raising vegetables and a variety of' animals from goats to chickens. VISITORS - The geothermal-site was visited by Representative Jack Fuller and C. J. Phillips, a developer of the l;roject. A ,' . H. O. - The headquarters for the geo-therma/· project is located here. The 'location was at one time, an orphanage operated by the Catholic Church. The orphanage was opened to house the orphans of Eskimos who died during the flu epidemic of 1918. ' 4 TI,c'N()ME NU(;(;I".T, TueSday. ()cl. 30:1979 o'the rtnal Drilling 'a t '-Sp r ings' .. . Photos by'Nancy McGuire ~";" See Story On Page 1 CREW AND VISITORS - Looking over the drilling rig at the Pilgrim HOt springs Project ifr'om left) are: Jeff Kline geologist, Tom Williams, hydrologist, William Brown, driller's assistant., Mark Knight, Green, is sh _o~_,n dressed for th'e weather we ye had lately. · YOUNG FARMER 'Kelley Greeh, son of Ann and Louie Alaska Oil and GasConservationCamnission Chief of water Manage~mt Division Forest, Land and Water Management Department of Natural Resources tlaaka Oil and Ga~ Con~e. zvation ~s~ion OCt~ 24, 1979 Interagency Cooperative Agr~ The enclosed agreement resulted from a recent meeting with Dean Brown c~ the Cam~ssion's pezmiting activities relative to hot water wells for the Pilgrim Springs geothermal project being conducted by the Division of Energy and Power Devel~to Also enclosed are copies of our first order ~ this ne~ statute which became effective January, 1979 and ~ first permit trar~mittal letter for the Pilgrim Springs No. 1 well. This agreement will hopefully aid both our agencies to protect the public vahere ~ardous subs~s may be ~ncountered ~hile ~rilling. Please return a ~ of the agr~ for our files after it is signed by ~ ~ssioner. STATE OF ALASKA ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION 3001 Porcupine Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Re: The motion of the Alaska Oil and) and Gas Conservation Commission ) to require a drilling permit for) all wells drilled in the Pilgrim) Hot Springs area. ~) Conservation Order No. 159 Pilgrim Hot Springs Area September 12, 1979 IT APPEARING THAT: 1. The Alaska Oil and Gas COnservation Commission, upon its own motion, considered the issuance of an order requiring that all wells drilled for any purpose in Sections 29, 30, 31 and 32, T4S, R30W, KRM, Sections 35 and 35, T4S, R31W, KRM and Sections 2, 3 and 4, T5S, R31W, KRM must have an approved permit to Drill or Deepen (Form 10-401), as provided for in the Alaska Statutes Title 31, Sec. 31.05.030. 2. The Pilgrim Hot Springs area has springs that have tempera- tures of 81°C (178°F). 3. Subsurface temperature measurements have been made and a temperature of 96°C (205°F) was recorded at a depth of 5.5 meters (18 feet). Based on chemical geothermometers, the maximum system temperature at depth may be 150°C (302°F). 4. Any drilling activity in the area is likely to encounter hazardous substances such as very hot saline water or steam at very shallow depths. 5. Drilling in the area to make use of the geothermal resources is contemplated in the very near future. 6. Notice of the motion of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission was published in the Anchorage Daily News and the Nome Nugget on August 31, 1979'. 7. There were no protests to the motion. FINDING: The drilling of a well, or any boring into the ~soil, for any purpose in the referenced area is likely to encounter hazardous substances such .as floWing hot water or steam at very shallow depths and, unless adequate precautions are taken, could result in bodily injury. CONCLUSION: The Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission would be derelict in its ~duties if it did not require adequate safety measures in the drilling of wells in the area and the Commission can accomplish this by requ~ a Permit to Drill or Deepen. --2-- NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED THAT: All wells to be drilled~or borin~ into the soil~ for any purpose and to any depth in Sections 29, 30, 31 and 32, T4S, R30W, KRM, Sections 35 and 36, T4S,. R31W, KRM and Sections 2, 3 and 4, T5S, R31W, KRM must have a Permit to Drill or Deepen approved by the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission before drilling can commence. DONE at Anchorage, Alaska and dated September 12, 1979. Hoyle H. Hamilton, Chairman/Commissioner Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission Harry W. Kugler, Commissioner Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission Lonnie C. Smith, Commissioner Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission -3- October 22, 1979 Pilgrim Spring~ No. i /' Division of Energy & Power Development Permit No. 79-78 w' Sur. Loc.= 45'N & 2580'W of NE cor Sec'. 3, T5S~ R31W, KRM. Bottomhole Loc.: As above. Mr. Donald R. Markle Energy Project Manager State of Alaska Division of.Energy & Power Development .338. Denali Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Dear Mr. Markle.~ Enclosed is the approved application for permit to drill the above referenced well. A lithologic log is required from this well. Many rivers in Alaska and their drainage systems have 'been classified as imPOrtant for the spawning or migration of anadromous fish. Operati~ns in these .areas are subject to AS 16.50..870 and the regulations promulgated thereunder (Title 5, Alaska Administrative Code). Prior to commencing operations you may be contacted by the ~abitat Coordinator's office, Department of Fish and Game. Pollution of any waters of the State is prohibited by AS 46, Chapter 3, Article 7 and the regulations promulgated thereunder (Title 18, Alaska Administrative Code, Chapter 70) and by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. Prior to commencing operations you may be contacted by a representative of the Department of Environmental Conservation. permit to drill. / Pursuant to AS 38.40, Local ~ire Under State Leases, the Alaska Department of Labor is being notified of the issuance of this Mr. Donald R. Markle Pilgrim Springs No. i -2- October 22, 1979 Since this is a water well to be drilled in a hazardous area, as designate~ by Conservation Order No. 159, these operations are also subject to Title 11 AAC 72.010 - 72.300 and the regula- tions promulgated thereunder. The Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Water Management Section is being notified of the issuance of this permit to drill. To aid us in scheduling field work, we would appreciate your notifying this office 24 hours before the well is spudded. We would also like to be notified so that a representative of the uommission may be present to witness testing of blowout preven- ter equipment before surface casing shoe is drilled. In the event of suspension or abandonment, please give this office adequate advance notification so that we may have a witness present. Very truly yours, Ho~ H, Hamilton Alaska Oil & Gas Conser~a'tion Commission Enclosure cc= Departmen.t of Fish & Game, Habitat Section w/o encl. Department of Environmental Conservation w/o/encl. Department of Labor~ Supervisor, Labor Law Compliance Division w/o encl. Department of Natural Resources, Water Management Section w/o encl. (Attn. Dean Brown, Hydrologist} Form 10-401 REV. 9-1-78 Ia. TYPE OF WORK SUBMIT IN T ,TE (Other instruct~ ~ on STATE OF ALASKA reverse side) ALASKA OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION PERMIT TO DRILL OR DEEPEN DRILL r~ DEEPEN E~ b. TYPE OF WELL OIL GAS SINGLE MULTIPLE WELL ~] WELL [[] OTHERGeothermal ~NE 71 ~ 2. NAME OF OPERATOR State of Alaska Division of Energy & Power Developm~ 3. ADDRESS OF OPERATOR 338 Denali St. Anchorage, Alaska 99501 4. LOCATION OF WELL ntsurface Approx. 45' N & 2580' W of the N.E. corner Sect. 3 T5S, R 31 W KRN 13. DISTANCE IN MILES AND DIRECTION FROM NEAREST TOWN OR POST OFFICE* 50 miles north of Nome,Alaska 6. LEASE DESIGNATION AND SERIAL NO. 7. IF INDIAN, ALLOTTEE OR TRIBE NAME · 8. UNIT FARM OR LEASE NAME ~D. IgELL NO. 1 10. FIELD AND POOL, OR WILDCAT 11. SEC., T., R., M., (BOTTOM HOLE OBJECTIVE) Sec. 36 T 4 12. 14. BOND INFORMATION: TYPE Surety and/or No. Amount 15. DISTANCE FROM PROPOSED * LOCATION TO NEAREST PROPERTY OR LEASE LINE, FT. (Also to nearest drig, unit, ff any) 806' EWL 18. DISTANCE FROM PROPOSED LOCATION TO NEAREST WELL DRILLING, COMPLETED, OR APPLIED FOR, FT. 16. No. OF ACRES IN LEASE 32O 19. PROPOSED DEPTH 15o ft 17. NO.ACRES ASSIGNED TO THIS WELL 10 20. ROTARY OR CABLE TOOLS Rotary N.A. 21. ELEVATIONS (Show whether DF, RT, CR, etc.) 22. APPROX. DATE WORK WILL START 25 ft 10-£2-79 23. PROPOSED CASING AND CEMENTING PROGRAM SIZE OF HOLE SIZE OF CASING WEIGHT PER FOOT GRADE SETTING DEPTH Quantity of cement 6-7/8" 6-5/8" 19# Sch4O 30-50 ft as required ' --- 120-150' open hole 1" plastic pipe (see attachmen-',-uncemented ) Initial hole will determine location of further shallow holes (100to150 ft) and will determine drilling and casing proceedures. Intial hole will be drilled with 7-7/8" bit with 6-5/8" casing cemented at 30 to 50 ft depth. Casing will be flanged for 6" full opening gate valve, 3" blooey line with relief valve and Guiberson JU preventor rated at 960 PSI. Cement will be high early with pearlite and 20% silica flour per attached equipment list. Return fluid tempertures will be continously monitored and data logged. Initial casing hole will be drilled with 4-3/4" bit and reamed to 8" hole. IN ABOVE SPACE DESCRIBE PROPOSED PROGRAM: If proposal is to deepen give data on present productive zone and proposed new productive zone. If proposal is to drill or deepen directionally, give pertinent data on subsurface locations and measured and true vertical depths. Give blowout preventer program. 24. I hereby certifytha~he Foregoing is True and Corr~tt SIGNED~//~~r'~ .~~-~""- . _ DATE /~ '- / ~- / 9 ~ ? TITLE .~. _d~ (This space for State office use) SAMPLES AND CORE CHIPS REQUIRED [] YES ~ NO DIRECTIONAL SURVEY REQUIRED [] YES I~NO MUD LOG ~ YES CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL, IF ANY: OTHER REQUIREMENTS: [] NO A.P.I. NUMERICAL CODE PERMIT NO. 7 ~ ' 7 ~ APPROVAL DATE APPROVED BY '~~~~~ TITLE Chairman ("/ - ~;~ ' ' *See Instruction On Reverse Side BY ORDER OF THE[ CO~MI$$1ON October 22, 1979 DATE 10/22/79 . Preliminary Report A GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF PILGRIM SPRINGS, ALASKA A geothermal resource investi§ation by the: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska and the State of Alaska, Division of Geclogical and Geophysic~,i Surveys Principal Investigator: Co-Principal Investigators: Participating Scientists: Research Assistants: R. B. Forbes G. Wescott, D. L.. 1-urr~er, j. Kienle T. Osterkamp, D. B. Hawkins, J. T. Kline, S. Swanson, R. D. Reger, W. Harrison J. Peace, A. Lockhart, R. Sydora, R. McFarlane, R. Gaffi, D. Maynard, J. T. Hanscom, M. Kane, C. Steph6ns Prepared for: The State'of Alaska, Division of Energy ~nd Power Development and The U.S. Department of Energy "The University of Alaska offers equal educational and employment opportunities" TABLE OF CONTENTS Pa.qe ABSTRACT .............................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ................. ' ......... : .......· ........................ 3 Research objectives and funding .................................. 3 Field program....'. ............................................... 3 Research team and scientific responsibilities .................... 3 Acknowl edgen~ents ........................................ ' .......... 4 GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING .......................................... 5 Bedrock geology and tectonics .................................... 5 Sur'ficial geology ................................................ 6 DOWNHOLE TEMPERATURE, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENTS... ...................................................... 8 Objectives and methods ........................................... 8 Subsurface temperature measurements .............................. 10 Shallow. electrical conductivity measurements ..................... 12 Hydrologic measurements .......................................... 14 FLO.W RATES AND WATER VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ............................ 14 Flow rate measurements of surface waters ......................... 14 Flow rate measurements in unconsolidated sediments ............... 15 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY .......................................... 16 Theory ........................................................... 1 6 Previous work... .................................................. 16 1979 survey ...................................................... 17 SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY ............................................. 26 Objectives ........................ - ............................ ... 26 Background and previous work ..................................... 26 Methods and instrumentation ...................................... 27 Resul ts ...................... ' .................................... 29 GRAVITY SURVEY ................ - ........................................ 34 Objectives ....................................................... 34 Methods and Instrumentation ...................................... 34 Resul ts .......................................................... 34 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................... 35 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 37 Drilling targets ................................................. 37 Drilling .techniques and precautions .............................. 37 Well logging and site geology .................................... 38 REFERENCES ............................................................ 39 ABSTRACT Geophysical and geological studies of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, have defined three subsurface thermal anomalies as potential drilling targets. The most promising of these is an east-northeasterly trending anomaly which is centered around a maximum subsurface temperature of 96°C, measured at a depth of 5.5 meters. The 80°C is6therm in this anomaly (at 4.5 meters) encloses an elliptically shaped area which is about 400 x 75 meters. These thermal anomalies appear to be part of a regional, northeast- trending thermal anomaly pattern defined by shallow electrical conductivity and temperature probe measurements, the NE orientation of the Pilgrim Sprinqs thaw ellipse and-a newly discovered smaller area of warm ~qround- located about 4 km NE of Pilgrim Springs. Geophysic'al and hydrologic data indicate that the anomalies are an expression of shallow reservoirs of hot saline water, whiCh appear 'to be about 30 meters thick. The surficial confining layer is composed of silt and/or clay with an average thickness of 3 meters. The lower boundinq surface of the aquifer which contains the reservoirs may be relatively impermeable, and the underlying layer has an average seismic velocity of 2.2 km/sec. The water saturated aquifer has an average seismic velocity of about 1.5 km/sec. Schlumberger resis£ivity and dipole-dipole profiles also define a higher resistivity boundary beneath the aquifer at a depth of 30 to 40 meters. Hydrologic measurements show that groundwater mixing, convective overturn, and differential flow is occurrinq in the aquifer. The shallow aquifers are probably composed of coarse sands and pebble sized qravels, 1 but there is a possibility that thawed glacial outwash gravels and Tertiary sediments may provide additional aquifer and reservoir potential at greater depth. To date, we do not know the exact location and/or qeometry of the conduit system which feeds the Pilgrim Springs hydrothermal system. Relatively narrow conduits rather than large thermal plumes are the probable feeders, because the sources are apparently too small to have .been detected by the scope and resolution of the recently completed survey. Drilling may penetrate the lower bounding discontinuity of the' shallow reservoirs, without intersecting any recognizable part of the conduit system. If this should occur, we recommend that the proposed deep hole be sacrificed for a series of shallow (50 meter) step-out holes, in an attempt to locate the conduit system. 2 I NTRODUCT ~ON Research Objectives and Fundinq Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, was the subject of an intensive geophysical and geological survey during June-August 1979. Earlier studies, includinq a reconnaissance geologic and geophysical survey by Forbes, et al. (1975), and geochemical studies of Pilgrim spring waters by the U.S. Geological Survey (Waring, 1917) (Miller, et al.,' 1975) had indicated that Pilgrim Springs might be an important geothermal target, Which merited a deep test. The Pilgrim study was supported by U.S. Department of Enerqy and State of Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development funds. Field Program Base camp was established at Pilgrim Springs, Alaska on June 16, 1979. The.field program was initiated with the thermal gradient measurements which were accomplished with driven .probes on a 100 meter grid. Helicopter supported mapping produced a 1:63,360 scale geologic map of the surrounding area (Plate I). A surficial qeologic map of the area is being prepared at a scale of 1:14,000 by the State of Alaska Geological and Geophysical Survey. Mapping, temperature measurement and electrical conductivity work was completed by Jul~ 15, 1979. Seismic, resistivity, and gravity studies were completed on July 29, 1979, ~and the camp was cloSed on July 31,-1979. Research Team and Scientific Responsibility Responsibility for field investigations and subsequent material contained in this preliminary report is as follows' 3 PILGRIM SPRINGS RESEARCH GROUP' Project Leader: R. B. Forbes Deputy Project Leader: D'. B. Hawkins (June 15-July 1, 1979) Camp Manager and Logistics: 'J. Peace Bedrock Geology: D. L. Turner, S. Swanson, R. B. Forbes, D. L. Maynard Surficial Geology: J. T. Kline, R. D. Reger, R. M. McFarlane Resistivity Survey: G. Wescott, R. Sydora, J. Peace Thermal, Electrical Conductivity and Hydrologic Measurements: T. E. Osterkamp, R. B. Forbes, R.. Gaffi, J. T. Hanscom, M. Kane, C. Stephens Seismic and Gravity Surveys: J. Kienle, A. Lockhart Flow Rates and Groundwater Velocity Measurements D~ B. Hawkins and Will Harrison ' Ac kno. wl edgemen ts We are deeply indebted to the C. J. Phillips and Louis Green families of Nome, Alaska, for their continuing cooperation and support throughout the Pilgrim Springs Project. GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING Bedrock Geoloqy and Tectonics The hot, saline waters of Pilgrim Springs rise to the surface throuqh several upwelling areas in abandoned meander channel sands on the floor of the Pilgrim River Valley. The valley floor is underlain by permafrost, but the springs are surrounded by an elliptically shaped thaw window (1 x 1.5 km). The valley is about 6.5 km wide, and bounded on the north by Marys and Hen and Chickens Mountains, and to the south by the Kigluaik Mountains. The mountains on both sides of the valley are composed of Precambrian amphibolite and greenschist facies metamorphic rocks, cut by discordant granitic plutons of probable Hesozoic age. The metamorphic sequence includes pelitic gneisses, layered granitic gneisses, synkinematic qneissose granites, calc-magnesian schists, and quartzites. The metamorphic terrane is highly deformed with east-west trending isoclinal-oYerturned to recumbent folds. The Kigluaik Mountains are bounded on the north by a prominent ranqe front fault, the Kigluaik Fault, which cuts glacial moraines and is inferred to be still active. The valley'floor is downthrown to the north. The actual displacement is unknown, but geophysical surveys indicate a downthrow o.f at least 250 meters. Lineaments at the base of Hen and Chickens Mountain also suggest faulting (see Plate I, in map pocket). The Pilgrim River Valley appears to be a fault-bounded tectonic depression filled by a great thickness of relatively unconsolidated sedimentary fill, includin~ alluvial sediments, glacial outwash, terrace 5 deposits and possible Tertiary sediments at depth. The valley is an eastern extension of the Imuruk Basin, and is similar to the Kuzitrin basin to the northeast which contains a considerable thickness of sedimentary fill, including Tertiary gravels. The hot saline water of Pilgrim Springs must arrive at the surface via a conduit system which traverses several hundred meters of sedimentary fill, after passing through a deep conduit system which penetrates the underlying crystalline basement to depths of at least 3 kilometers, assuming a normal geothermal gradient. Several north-south trendinq faults with large displacements were mapped in the Kigluaik Mountains south of Pilgrim Springs. It is likely that these faults may extend through the downdr°pped crystalline basement under the Pilgrim River Valley. On°e or more of these faults could provide a deep conduit for upward migration of hot water to Pilgrim Springs. The pervasive joints and fractures in the granitic and metamorphic rocks in the mountains north and south of Pilgrim Springs could provide an entrance for meteoric water to enter the geothermal system.~ Deep circulation may allow this water to be heated and later'rise along one or more fault-controlled conduit systems by thermal convection. Surficial Geology Surficial geologic mapping in the Pilgrim Springs area bY the. Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical 'Surveys disclosed an interesting and complex Quaternary history in the Pilgrim River valley which may provide .some insights into the age and characteristics of Pilgrim Springs. Chanqes in regional base level, rates of sedimentation, and climate have combined to produce at least three major episodes of terrace formation since Sangamon time. Evidence that relatively rapid subsidence has recently been occurring in the vicinity of Pilgrim Springs includes' (1) the apparent burial of older terraces by modern alluvium upstream from the springs while terraces downstream from the springs are relatively well preserved, (2) major changes in the course of the Pilgrim River as indicated by abandoned river channels whose former flow direction was significantly different than at present, (3) the relative absence of thaw lakes and thermokarst features in a 5 square mile area upstream from and including the thermally disturbed area, (4) apparent gradinq of old alluvial and outwash fans to a level higher than the present valley floor, (5) the presence of abrupt scarps at the toes of alluvial and outwash fans derived from the Kigluaik Mountains, (6) mudflows and springs occurring along the oUtwash scarps, (7) a significant steepening of stream gradient just upstream from the area of maximum apparent subsidence, and (.8) the presence of lacustrine or estuarine clay, silt, and very fine sand beneath 1.5 to.4.5 m of modern floodplain alluvium. Areal distribution of these features as well as the presence of several faults, including the east-west-trending Kigluaik fault which is inferred to be active, and several north-trending cross faults sugqests that Pilgrim Springs may be located near the western edge of an actively subsiding graben whose surface is being continually buried by the accumulation of alluvial sediments. Further evidence which may support or refute this hypothesis will be forthcoming when terrace samples collected for radiocarbon dating are processed and after the environment of deposition of the clays and silts has been more firmly established. Information derived from future exploration and test drilling logs will be invaluable in pulling together the complete history and geometry of the Pilgrim Springs thermal anomaly. A thermal anomaly located approximately 4 km to the northeast of the main thaw window was discovered by examination of the U-2 aerial photographs, and later verified by thermal probing. This small outlying anomaly lies along the same northeasterly trend as that defined by the direction of elongation of the Pilgrim anomalies and the main thaw window (Plate 1)'. DOWNHOLE TEMPERATURE, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENTS ~ Objectives and Methods The objectives of these studies were t© obtain downhole temperatures over a wide area, shallow electrical conductivities and a few measurements of the hydrologic characteristics' of groundwater flow. These data were to be used with other geophysical and geologic information to delineate local "hot spots", as a guide for further studies and for defininq a future drilling program. ~ Most of the measurements were carried out over a grid consisting of a N-S (north-south) base line with an origin at the basektball .backboard pol.e in front of the old Cathol'ic church (Figure 1). There were eleven E-W (east-west) lines at 100 m intervals along the N-S base line; 4 to the north, 6 to the south and an E-W base line (Figure.2). Two additional lines were studied; line A from the above grid origin along a farm trail to the Pilgrim P, iver and line B from 1S (100 m south of the oriqin along Figure 1. Sketch map of the lO0 meter survey grid used in the Pilgrim Springs studies. the N-S base line) down' the middle of the new airstrip. A few resistivity measurements were obtained in a permafrost area near 4S 5E (400 m south of the origin and 500 m east) and a temperature profile was obtained at a site 4 km NE of Pilgrim Springs where some vegetative changes indicated warmer than normal ground. Water samples and temperatures were also obtained in the Pilgrim River adjacent to the springs. Subsurface Temperature Measurements Downhole temperature logging is the most direct method for locating thermal anomalies. Temperature data were obtained from 1/2" diameter pipes driven into the soil by hand., or by a mechanical driver. Temperatures were measured with a YSI 42SC thermistor thermometer (accuracy : 1/2°C), by dropping the thermistor into the pipe and recording the temperature after it reached equilibrium. Most of the measurements were made by measuring the temperature at the bottom (tip) Of the pipe periodically while it was being driven into the soil. In a few cases, the pipes were logged in oil rather than air, for continuing observations of convection phenomena and possible variations of temperature vs. time. The downhole temperatures were measured in probes which were driven at points on a 100 meter grid. Isothermal mapping at a depth of 4.5 meters has defined three subsurface thermal a~omalies, includi.n~ an important elliptically-shaped anomaly which prodUced a maximum subsurface temperature of 96°C at a depth of 5.5 meters (Figure 2). Most temperature profiles have positive temperature gradients near the surface. At greater depths the thermal behavior was very complex. Some test holes produced thermal gradient reversals, zero gradient segments, 10 Figure '2. SUBSURFACE ISOTNERMAL MAP OF THE PILGRIM SPRINGS AREA DATA BASE TAKEN FROM TEMPERATURES MEASURED AT A 0EPTH OF 4.5 METERS /'/'/ ! / 1 Isotherms in °C 11 and, in some cases, large temperature changes over very small depth increments. The highest temperatures were measured in the SW portion of the area, where a maximum temperature of 96°C was measured in an air- filled pipe. Thi.s value declined to 87°C when measured later in an oil- filled pipe. The zero thermal gradients in some-of the holes are indicative of lateral and/or vertical heat transport by corresponding movement of heated ground water. One profile seems to show that lateral motion is predominate at that site. Shallow Electrical Conductivity Measurements The electrical conductivity of unfrozen soils depends primarily on the soil type, moisture content, temperature and salinity of the qround water. For a saturated soil the temperature and ground water salinity are the most important factors causing changes in condUctivity. Con- ductivity increases with temperature and'with increasing salt concentration so that a saturated soil with hot and/or salty ground water may be expected to have higher conductivity than cooler and/or less salty soils. AcCordingly, a conductivity survey was carried out to try to detect these hot and/or salty areas. Conductivity measurements were made.with a Geonics EM-31 instrument operated in the horizontal coplanar mo~e and the vertical' coplanar mode at a height of': 1 m above the ground surface. The measurements were made at intervals of 10 m along the N-S base line, E-W lines, line A, line B, and near 4S, 5E. These data, consisting of approximately 2000 measurements, are expressed in a contour map shown as Fiqure 3. Fi gure. 3. ISOCONDUCTANCE MAP OF THE PILGRIM SPRINGS AREA Conductance ~ontours in mill imhos m- -- . ./ 13 The data show that the high conductivity areas (i.e., hotter and/or saltier ground water) of the springs are primarily in the SW quadrant of the grid. Figure 3 suggests that the hottest and/or more saline areas are either localized hot spots or zones which cross the E-W lines. These hot spots or zones could represent vents where hot water from a deeper source reaches, the-surface and/or zones where hot water is being transported laterally through surficial materials, as in old river channels. The zone pattern could also indicate a deep feature such as a fault. It should be noted that there appears ,to be a northeast-trending linear distribution in the data. Hydrol ogi c l.leasurements Soil water samples were obtained along line B and river water samples and temperatures were taken along the river adjacent to the springs. The electrical conductivities of these samples were measured in the laboratory at room temperature. Hydraulic conductivity measurements were made at two depths and two sites, and an attempt was made to determine the direction and magnitude of the ground water flow. The reduction of these data has not been completed. FLOW RATES AND WATER VEL(~CITY MEASUREMENTS Flow Rate Measurements of Surface Waters The thermal energy flux from a hot spring depends upon the tempera- ture of the water and the volume of flow. A temperature of 81°C was measured for Pilgrim Springs at the main spring near the buildings on 14 June 20, 1979. The flow rate for the spring at this site was obtained by measuring the flow rate of the stream below the confluence of a small cold-water slough with the diffuse thermal water sources near the hot springs. The flow rate of this stream was measured using a current meter and the temperature profile of the stream was mapped. From the temperature of the hot spirng, the temperature of the cold stream, and the average temperature of the combined streams, the flow rate of the thermal springs in the vicinity of the buildings was calculated to be 0.4 CFS, or 67 gpm. This flow rate is almost seven-times greater than that' estimated by Waring in 1917'. The seasonal variation in flow rate is not known but the above flow rate is expected .to be near maximum flow in as much as it was measured in the spring of the year following flooding in the area. Flow Rate Measurements i.n Unconsolidated Sediments A thermal "tracer-test" was-performed to estimate the flow rate of the thermal ground waters in the unconsolidated sediments. A 1/2" diameter well point was driven to a depth of 10 meters and filled with water and allowed to equilibrate thermally for 12 hours. The temperature of the hole was logged at l-meter increments, and the base line temperature distribution determined. A teflon-coate~ heating wire connected to a generator was inserted and the water in'the pipe was heated for 30 minutes with the injection of a known quantity of heat. The heating wire was removed and the temperature of the hole was logged at hour intervals. From the time required for the hole to reach thermal equilibrium again, the heat loss due to convective flow in the surrounding medium was calculated and found to correspond to a ground-water flow rate of from 0 to 3 meters per day, with a flow rate of less than 1 meter/day most likely. 15 The imprecision in the measurement was due to conVection within the pipe. A second well was prepared aobut 100 meters from the first and filled with 90W gear lubricant, which, because of its viscosity, reduced convection. This hole was thermally pulsed for an hour and logged for 24 hours. At this time the data have not been analyzed but it appears ~that te precision of the final flow rate estimate will be much better than that of the first test. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY TheorS The high salinity of the hot spring water produces a water resistivity of 0.1 ~l-m. Thus unconsolidated sediments or rocks containing this hot water will have a low resistivity. By Archie'S law the resistivity of a rock is approximately; o : ow ~-2, where ow is the resistivity of the interstitial water and ~ is the porosity. The resi'stivity will also decrease with in- creasing temperature up to 250°C.. Thus we have confidence that the hot water reservoir can be delineated at depth by low resistivities of the order of a few Q-m. Previous Wowk The first priority of the resistivity work was to extend and interpret the previous resistivity survey done by Harding Lawson Associates (1973). They had run an east-west Schlumberger depth profile, centered near our 5S station, and then had extended to the north and to the south by means of"the equatorial dipole system. They found an upper layer of about 30 m thickness with a resi.stivity of lO-n-m underlain by material which they 16 interpreted as being crystalline bedrock With 200 Q-m resistivity. To the north the equatorial dipole points suggested to them a much greater depth to bedrock of near 180 m. Thus their interpretation suggested an east-west fault down-dropped to the north with an offset of 150 m somewhere to the north of 5S. 1979 SurveY Our first survey to check this hypothosis was to run an east-west Schlumberger depth profile at 5N, line S-S' on Figure 4. The field data and a theoretical computer model curve are shown in Figure 5. There are apparently several layers of sediments to a depth of 15 m averaging about 25 Q-m. Then we find a layer 49 m thick of resist- ivity 7 F~-m. Underlying this low resistivity layer the resistivity increases. The low resistivitY probably indicates hot water, but somewhat diluted, or cooler than in the vicinity of the thermal anomalies. Owing to seasonal flooding we were only able to extend our spacing to 256 m, but there is no indication of bedrock in the last point. F'urther to the north where the previous equatorial dipoles were lOcated, inspection suggests that permafrost was present and constituted a lateral inhomogenity which may explain the purported bedrock at 180 m. Our next effort was to run a dipole-dipole survey north-south along the base line, line p-p' on Figure 4. Our model studies indicated that such a survey would be very sensitive to the type of fault .structure proposed by Harding-Lawson Associates (1973). We used 100 m dipoles, and generally extended each receiving spread out to n = 5. 17 Figure 4. RESISTIVITY SURVEY LINES PILGRIM SPRINGS AREA 0 ,5 I KM · , I I 18 tM- Figure 5. SCHLUMBERGEB Theorelical Observed p,= 126 ohm-m /:),= 22 ohm-m /:)~= 28 ohm-m ~= 7 ohm- m /o~= ~0 ohm-m /o~= 23 ohm- m 1~= 8m ~ I3= Gm 1~= 49m L= 30 m LOg 5PFtEINB The diagram below indicates the nature of the dipole-dipole resistivity spread. The nominal depth of investigation is 1/2 the distance between the transmitting and receiving dipoles. Figure 6a illustrates' the results of this survey presented in a pseudo- section, where the values are plotted at the 45° intersections. Note several n : 1 values are less than 3 Q-m, 2.5 and 2.6 respectively. We have made several simple two dimension model calculations. So far the best fit is a model with a 25 m layer of 3 ~-m, underlain by a 25m layer of 1 Q-m, then surrounded and underlain by a semi-infinite mass of 100 Q-m. Figure 6b shows the results of this model. The gross features and the resistivity values are similar to those in our data,~Figure 6a. Clearly the field data show that the edge of the reservoir was reached at about 6 south, but on the north side the boundary is probably just beyond 6N. A model with 50 m of 3 ~-m surrounded by 100 Q-m gave n = 1 values which were too large. Thus our pr~eliminary models agree with the shallow reservoir hypothosis. We also ran a Schlumberger depth profile near the hottest hole thermal anomaly #2, line Q-Q', Figure 4. Figure 7 shows the field data and a theoretical computer model layered earth. The presence of hot water.~is P Figure 6a. 6 5 NORTH-SOUTH lOOm Dipole-Dipole Line P' 4 3 ' 2 In 0 ls 2 3 4 5 6 7 n:f n--2 n:5 II-- 6 Figure 6b. DIPOI. E-I)IPOt. F (ONFIGUPA!ION (IF PS[UI)O-.~EfTION (~f: TIll' APPARENT RESISTIVITY . TIlE t~ROFjLE LjN£ IS INCI INtl) l'O TIlE .STRIKE t *Y DIR I AT ~,0 DEG. __7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -I 0 ~ 2 3 4 5 6 · ,.:X.....X .... X .... X .... X.o..X~.~ v ..... ~'t .X --~ -. × X ,, X~.~ ~t)~ X7 X · ·., X ·., · X,. ·, X .... X .... X .... X. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ..-.-~:-:-:.:~-~;.:-:-;-;-~;-4-~-;.;(-~.~-:..;;-~.(-. ,~..-. .-. .(.?.. ... ; .- ...... .$... X .... · X.. · .'X. ·.. X .... X..., X.,,. . 100 . OO.R !02.~ 113.~/ 70.9 ~.3 ~,, .70.l /00_ 137.1 x, 105.7 100,8 Figure 7. SEI'II_UHBEflGEI~ /),.: :58 ohm-m p~-- :55 ohm-m p~: :5.5 ohm-m to,: ~5 ohm-m I,= 0.5m l~= I.Om t~ SOre .l~: 200m p~= I000 ohm-.m Theorelical Observed · 6 ~ 7.o9'10 l_.~f; , 'FFFr-FF 6 6 '709'] · l'--"' r .... T ..... g-"r' F Ir-! I 8 3 '1 G 6 709'1(]00 indicated by a resistivity of 3.5 ~-m from a depth of 1.5 m to 31.5 m. Below that depth the resistivity increases to 45 Q-m, which suggests that either the rock porosity has decreased, or there is no hot water below 31.5 m. In either case this seems to be the bottom of the shallow reservoir. To test the hypothesis of a N-S trending Quaternary fault'along the west edge of the disturbed ground (Plate I) we ran an east-west lO0 m dipole-dipole survey to the south of Pilgrim, line R-R', Figure 4. The pseudo section is shown in Figure 8. There is a~clear difference in the surface resistivities across the line near station 1E. To the west we encountered very high resistivities of order 30,000 ~l-m, which we interpret as being very ice-rich permafrost. The permafrost east of the line has much lower resistivity and is probably also thin. Underlying the permafrost on both sides is material of a few hundred e-m. We have not had time to run model calculations to see if a fault, or warm water conduit is likely. We also ran a Schlumberger and a lorn dipole-dipole survey in the region of the smaller thaw window NE of Pilgrim which produced 20°C tempera- tures at 4 meters depth. Figure 9 shows the 'pseudo section. It shows a high resistivity near the surface (dry, sandy soil) underlain by a loWer resistivity layer and then again higher. The resistivity does not suggest hot saline water within a few tens of melters from the surface. Further model studies on the lines P-P' and R-R' in the next few months.'may provide better insight on possible conduits under the shallow reservoir in the Pilgrim SPrings area. If future modeling indicates hot saline water at depth under the Quaternary fault, the fault zone should receive high priority as a drilling target. 23 Figure 8. R East-West lOOm Dipole-DipOle Line 5 4 3 2 l'w 0 le 2 3 4 11-=2 11'-3 !1:4 I1= 5 Figure 9. 20 IOm Dipole-Dipole Line al Thermally Disturbed Area Northeast of Pilgi'im Springs !0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 --s I00 SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY Objectives The seismic refraction program at Pilgrim Springs was designed to obtain subsurface data on the stratigraphy and structure of the sedimentary fill, and hopefully, to outline the configuration of the crystalline basement and possible faults. Background and Previous Work In September 1974, Forbes et al. (1974) shot a seismic refraction profile along a N-S line extending .from the old landing strip to the mission buildings. The profile was broken up into 3 reversed sections of 223 m (730 ft), 226 m (740 ft), and 290 m (950 ft), it cuts the NE-SW trending thermally di'sturbed zone obliqUely, and transects an abandoned meander channel of the Pilgrim River. In general, their data revealed 3 layers beneath the surficial "weathered zone" (which has a velocity of about 455 m/sec), including the following: (1) Fluvial sediments, including sand and silt, with velocities ranging from 874 to 973 m/sec; with var~iable thickness, but generally less than 30 m thick. (2) A layer with a broader range of seismic velocities ranging from 1689 to 2036 m/sec, and about 38 to 46 m thick. This layer was interpreted to be glacio-fluvial gravel-s. Two breaks in the 26 relief of the upper surface of this layer were interpreted as a normal fault, a buried river terrace or cut and fill structure in gravels. (3) A third layer was poorly defined in the northernmost section beneath the mission buildings, based on a discontinuity at 63 m. The velocity of this layer was 2761 m/sec and was interpreted as possible poorly consolidated'Tertiary sediments. The subsurface velocity .structure of the Pilgrim Springs area appeared to be laterally and vertically rather heterogeneous, as revealed by consistent departures from expected arrival times at individual geophone sites, and anomalies that were most likely due to the presence of discontinuous lenses of sand, silt and gravel. When we began the 1979 refraction seismic program, the major questions to be resolved were (1) whether or not the breaks on the top subsurface of layer 2 were due to normal faults as interpreted from the resistivity work by Harding-LaWson (Stefano et al., 1974) or due to river cut and fill structures; (2), whether or not crystalline basement is located at relatively shallow depths; and (3) whether we could locate any faults that might control the spring conduit system. Methods and InstrUmentation In mid-July 1979 we shot ll reversed refraction profiles in the thermally distur, bed zone, shown in Figure 10, with spread lengths of 110 or 165-m, corresponding to a geophone spacing of 10 or 15 m respectively. In addition to the end shots, one supplementary shot was fired at center profile and at least two additional shots were fired beyond' the end at one-half and one spread lengths. In one case, six shots at even increments of the spread length were fired beyond one end of the profile, in an attempt to reach basement. 27 ! / C C/ Figur. e lO. Location map of seismic profiles shot in the thaw ellipsoid, as referred to in the text. 28 - We also shot two short (55 and llO m) reversed refraction profiles outside the Pilgrim area, on the metaquartzites'of Birch Hill, and on gneissose granite on the eastern flank of Hen and Chickens Mountain. (PG q and P~ g, respectively, in Plate I) in order to determine character- · istic crystalline basement velocities. The shot size of nitrocarbonitrate was limited by having to bury the charge using a small hand-operated power auger. The signals were recorded on a 12-channel field portable signal enhancement seismograph, Geometrics- Nimbus Model ES-1210. This seismograph features signal enhancement by stacking repeated signals in a digital memory, allowing the use of re- peated shots at one location to improve the signal to noise ratio. This tends to increase signal amplitude, w. hile random noise is cancelled or limited. The permanent record printed on electrosensitive paper could be scaled to the nearest millisecond. Results Figures II, 12 and 13 show our preliminary dipping layer case interpre- tation of three representative profiles of the north, central and southern portion of the thermally disturbed elliptical permafrost thaw zone in which the'springs are located (see Figure 10).~ Crystalline basement (metaquart- zites ~ 5 km/sec; gneissose granites ~ 5.6 km/sec) was not detected in any of the profiles. This is a surprising result that suggests that unconsoli- dated sediment fills the Pilgrim River valley to a depth of at least 2.50 m, the maximum sounding depth obtained for the greatest array-shot separation, which was obtained along profile D - D'. 29 S.OUTH A NORTH 5O 0 30 60 reefers 90 120 150 ; i I ~ .. , , · ,= ~~' "' ' :: ~'~2' ' ' ' '" ' ' ' ' ~~.' · . , .· :CLAY, SILT & SAND ~ 20 ~ ~ ~ O00 o 0 o 0 o ~ o O ~ o ~ o 1670 O o COASSE SAND ~ o o o o o O o 40 O O o O o O o O o 'o o O O ~ &GRAVEL Figure 11. Seismic profile A-A', shot along a north-south line in the northern sector of the thaw ellipsoid. 3O WEST El 150. EAST 30 '- 60 meters 90 1:~0 -' 150 694 · * ' · ' · ~ , . . · - '. ' ' iCLAY, SILT&SAND ~ ' * 1305 o 0 o o o °o o ~ O o ~ o ~ o° O ~ COARSE SAND' - o ~ o o o O O { &GRAVEL 212~ - --o-- -- O' o ~--O_. UNCON~LIDATED - o-o-- o~ -o~..-¢.~ ~--o-- ~ OR POORLY CEMENTED GRAVELS Figure 12. Seismic profile B-B', shot along an east-west line across anomaly 2. 31 WEST EAST c C/ 50 0 30 60 meters 90 120 150 0~, , , , ,., . -\', ; ,...,:.~. 1 ' ' ' '' ' ''' ' ' * CLAY, SILT&SAND I o ~ o o o o c~ o o o 0 COARSE SAND o ~ O o 20. 0 ,o o o o 1533 0 e 0 o ~ & GRAVEL o 0 · 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 O 0 'o o 0 0 JJ ~ ~--o ~ a ~ o~ 2299 ~o~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I CEMENTED GRAVELS Figure 13. Seismic profile C-C', shot alonq an east-west line in the southern sector of the thaw ellipsoid. 32 In respect to the shallow structure of the sedimentary fill, there were really no surprises beyond the preliminary findings of Forbes et al. (1974). We observed the same basic three layers: (1) A layer of fluvial deposits, predominantly sands, characterized by highly variable thickness (3 to 13 m for the profiles shown in Figures 11-13)'., due to the intersection of straight line profiles and. meandering fluvial channels. (2) A layer of coarse allUvium characterized by velocities of 1300 to 1600 m/sec. This layer shows cut and fill structures; and it is 14 to 42 m thick in the prof.iles shown in Figures 11-13. (3) Sedimentary "basement" of probable unconsolidated or poorly -cemented gravels, characterized by a velocity of 2100 to 2300 m/sec. In the final report we plan to interpret all eleven profiles in greater detail, using the delay time method in an attempt to map the river channel sand-coarse alluvium boundary. In summary, we did obtain good shallow subsurface information on the unconsolidated sedimentary section at Pilgrim Springs, but we did not succeed in achieving the second objective, the deteCtion and seismic mapping of crystalline basement, as it lies at surprisingly great depth. Additionally, no evidence of offset due to' faulting was detected in the seismic refraction prof'iles. Due to the great thickness of unconsolidated sediment in the 'Pilgrim River Valley, which may include late Tertiary sediments, and the proximity of the Imuruk and other basaltic eruptive fields typical of tensional tectonics., it may be more attractive to associate Pilgrim Springs with rifting rather than plutonism. 33 GRAVITY SURVEY Objectives The gravity survey program at Pilgrim Springs was undertaken to determine the depth to crystalline basement and to map. its' configuration. If possible, we had hoped to detect faults with large offset and ascertain the relative downthrow of crystalline basement, in the floor of the Pilgrim River Valley which is thought to be a tectonic downwarp, or graben. Methods and Instrumentation A regional gravity survey, including 99 stations encompassing about 720 square kilometers was completed, covering the portion of the Pilgrim River Valley surrounding Pilgrim Springs, the northern flank of the Kigluaik Range to the south of the springs, and the hills north and northwest of the springs.. Data were also taken across the Kigluaik Range south to Salmon Lake .along the Taylor Road, and along the axis of the Pilgrim River Valley following the course of the Pilgrim River. Station elevations were determined with a surveying altimeter, as corrected by recordings from a base station barograph at Pilgrim Springs. Also, previously determined elevations and benchmarks were used as control points and stations whenever possible. Station elevations along the Pilgrim River traverse were monitored by river gradient elevations, with. stations established at river level. Results Gravity data reduction and computer analysis is underway. However, a cursory analysis of the gravity.data acquired on the Pilgrim River traverse seems to indicate low relief on the crystalline basement in the northern 34 sector of the Pilgrim River Valley. 'If north-south trending faUlts with significant vertical offset exist in the crystalline basement, their gravity signature is too subtle to be detected in this stage of data reduction. However, faults with dominant horizontal displacement would not 'be detected by such a gravity survey. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Geophysical and geological studies of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska, have defined three subsurface thermal anomalies as potential drilling targets. The most promising of these is an east-northeasterly trending anomaly (#2, Figure 2) which is centered around a maximum subsurface temperature of 96°C, measured at a depth of 5,5 meters. The 80°C isotherm (at 4.5 meters) encloses an ell iptically shaped area which is about 400 x 75 meters. These thermal anomalies appear to be part of a regional, northeast- trending thermal anomaly pattern defined by shallow electrical conductivity and temperature probe measurements, the NE orientati.on of the Pilgrim Springs thaw ellipse and a newly discovered smaller area of warm ground located about 4 km NE of Pilgrim Springs.- (Plate 1). Geophysical and hydrologic data i~dicate that the thermal anomalies at Pilgrim Springs are an expression of shallow reservoirs of hot saline water, which appear to be about 30 meters thick. The surficial confining layer is composed of silt and/or clay, with an average thickness of 3 meters. The lower bounding surface of the aquifer which contains the reservoirs may be relatively impermeable. The underlying lay. er has an 35 average seismic velocity of 2.2 km/sec. The water saturated aquifer has an average seismic velocity of about 1.5'km/sec. Schlumberger resistivity and dipole-dipole profiles also define a marked increase in resistivity beneath the aquifer at a depth of 30 to 40 meters. Hydrologic measurements show that groundwater mixing, convective overturn, and differential flow are occurring in the aquifer. The shallow aquifers are probably composed of coarse sands and pebble sized gravels, but there is a good probability that thawed outwash gravels and Tertiary sediments may provide aquifer and reservoir potential at greater depth. To date, subsurface feeder or conduit systems have not been defined by geophysical survey techniques. Models of the Pilgrim Springs hydrothermal system wshould meet the following constraints: (1)The crystalline basement threshold underlying Pilgrim Springs~ is at least 250 meters below sea level. (2)The saline waters discharged by the springs could be deriVed from sea water-(diluted by other waters) or brines from sedimentary rocks. (3) Maximum temPeratures for the ssstem at depth, based on chemical geothermometers, are approximately 150°C. (4) Assuming a normal geothermal"gradient, the spri.ng waters have ascended through a conduit system from a depth of about~km. (5)The conduit system traverses 250 meters or more of sedimentary fill'above crystalline basement. · (6) A northeast trend exists in the thermal anomaly pattern of this region, as defined bY temperature and conductivity surveys, the orientation of the Pilgrim Springs thaw ellipse, and the NE trend between Pilgrim Spr.ings and the newly discovered area of warm ground located 4 km NE of Pilgrim Springs. 36 - RECOMMENDATIONS Primary Drilling Targets We recommend that two shallow t'est holes (50 meters)'be drilled before the deeper test is attempted, to acquire needed subsurface data on stratigraphy, lithology and hydrologic conditions. We suggest that these preliminary holes be drilled within the 80°C isotherm at anomalies #1 and.#2. Unless otherwise indicated, the deep hole should be drilled over the 96°C probe site in anomaly #2 (Figure 2). Based on the resistivity and seismic data, the shallow, hot water reservoirs are about 30 meters thick, but the exact location and geometry of the conduits which feed the system are not known. It is quite possible that the preliminary test holes may pass through the shallow reservoirs and on into the relatively impermeable unit below the 30.-40 meter discon- tinuity. If this should occur, the funds allocated for the deep hole, should be diverted to a series of shallow (50 m) step-out holes designed to locate the conduit system. If conditions permit, one or more of the shallow holes should be completed as hot water production wells, for direct application to demonstration projects including possible binary generating systems. Drillinq Techniques and Precautions The discovery of 96°C temperatures at 5.5 meters (anomaly #2), accompanied by hot mud and degassing around the driven pipe, suggest that temperatues above lO0°C may be encountered at relatively shallow depths. Free-flowing hot water, mud and possible steam could cause serious problems. The shallow holes should be drilled with a shut-in valve on the casing head, and the 'deep hole should be drilled with a blow-out preventer. 37 _ Temperatures must be logged at frequent downhole intervals during the actual drilling to provide adequate warning to the drilling crew that the drill is likely to encounter steam if drilling is continued. Additional and very valuable thermal data on the Pilgrim Springs system could be obtained from 1/2 inch pipe (sealed at the bottom) inserted in the exploratory holes before the casing was pulled. These pipes would be filled with oil, and thermal measurements could be taken over an extended period of time. Well .Loggi'ng and Site Geol..o..gy A geologist and a field assistant should be at the drill sites while the test holes are being drilled, to ma.iutain a drill log and to supply geologic advice to the driller. Additionally, the site geologists should conduct downhole thermal measurements, and collect l ithologic samples. Additional funding will be required for this service and we suggest that these expenditures be integrated into the DGGS drilling budget. J. Kline and an accompanying geologist from DGGS are recommended for this assignment. A Geophysical Institute representative should also be .present at Pilgrim during the drilling program. An-alternate suggestion, would involve daily radio contacts to discuss drilling progress, problems and decisions. 38 REFERENCES Forbes, R. B., L. Gedney, D. VanWormer and J. Hook, (1975) A geophysical reconnaissance of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska; Technical r.eport, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska. Harding-Lawson Associates, (1973) Resistivity survey of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska; Contract report to Stephano and Associates, Anchorage, ~Alaska. · Miller, Thomas P., Ivan Barnes and William W. Patton, Jr., (1975) Geologic setting and chemical characteristics of hot springs in west-central Alaska; J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, V. 3, No. 2, March-April 1975, p. 149-162. Waring, G. A., (1917) Mi·neral springs of Alaska; U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 492. 39 · ,: . ,. o XPLORATION SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT, INC. 6727 SEWARD HIGHWAY, ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99502 PHONE 344-2589 October 18, 1979 State of Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Committee 3001 Porcupine Anchorage, Alaska Gentlemen; In reference to our permit application for drilling of a Geothermal test hole at Pilgrim Springs, we wish to add this as a supplement of equipment and drilling proceedures: The initial hole will be drilled using 7 7/8" bit to approximately 50 feet for setting 6 5/8" surface pipe. Surface pipe of 6" I.D. 6.625 O.D. schedule 40 will be cemented in using a mixture of 1:1 ratio of Neat and Perlite cement with 20 percent Silica Flour added. After allowing the cement to set a Guiberson type JU Stripper rated at 960 psi will be attached~ to the casing. The casing will~ also contain a full opening gate valve and 3" Blooey line below the stripper. This line will be directed away from the rig to divert any pressurized flow from the hole. The hole will be extended open hole to approxamately 120 feet to 150 feet using 6" bits. A drawing is attached which shows the surface stack configuration to be used. We hope this will fill the requirements for approval of this permit. Very truly your, V.J. Mittasch, President Exploration Supply & Equipment, Inc. x~XPLORATION SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT, INC. 1 6727 SEWARD HIGHWAY, ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99502 PHONE 344-2589 September 17, 1979 State of Alaska 0il & Gas Conservation Committee 3001 Porcupine Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Gentlemen .. We have been selected by the State Division of Energy & Power Development to conduct an exploratory drilling program for Geothermal evaluation at Pilgrim Hot Springs, in the Nome area. We hope to be able to proceed~with mobilization on this program during the first week of October and commence operations by the 10th of October. We expect these operations to be completed within three weeks of mobil- ization date. Following is our initial proposal for the performance of this work, which will be subject to any changes required in Order to con- form with anY applicable regulation requirements from your agency. We shall appreciate any input you can give us which may be of help in this performance, and assist us in obtaining the required permits by the ?th or 8th of October. Very truly yours, Exploration Supply & Equipment, Inc. V.J. Mittasch, President x~XPLORATION SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT, INC. i 6727 SEWARD HIGHWAY, ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99502 C~' PHONE 344-2589 Oil & Gas Conservation Committee 5001 Porcupine Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99501 A: Ref: Pilgrim Geothermal Test Holes Contractor: Exploration Supply & Equipment, Inc. For: State of Alaska, Division of Energy & Power Development. Equipment: One Mayhew 1000 Drill Unit, equipped with 2000 rotary table, double drum draww°rks 32 ft welded steel mast, 35,000 lbo pull. Gardner Denver 580 cfm compressor, Gardner Denver 5 X 6 duplex mud or grout pump. Drill Unit mounted on Foremost tracked vehicle. Ome tracked vehicle supply unit. 3: One ?.5 KW power generator. TWo 150,000 BTU forced air heaters. One welder, cutting eqdipment etc. One portable mud pit and water tank. One air casing drive hammer. 50 ft. ~ 5/8" O.D.casing. ?00 ft. 6 5/8" O.D. casing. 600 ft. 2 7/8" API drill rod. One float sub. Two drill collars° Flanges for 6 5/8" and 8 5/8" casing. 8 5/8" casing manifold (two gate). Two water transfer pumps 2". Packers for 6 5/8" casing X~~ XPLORATION SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT, INC. SKA 6727 SEWARD HIGHWAY, ANCHORAGE, ALA 99502 ~t PHONE 344-Z589 B: Expendable Items: 3500 lb. Bentonite. 2: 15 bag Silva-cell. 35 bag Quick set cement. 400 lb. calcium chloride. 5: 8 5/8" , 6" and 4 5/~" rotary drill bits. C: Personnel: (single shift) l: One driller/foreman. 2: Two drill helpers. D: Proceedures: Estimated 5 holes, 100 to 1£0 ft. depth. 1 hole 500 to 600 ft. depth. l: 100 to 1£0 ft. hole's: 6 5/8" O.D. c~sing from 30 to 50 ft. depending on overburden condition and hole stability. Casing will cemented in to surface. Drill open hole 4 7/8" to bottom. Drive 5" casing as required. 2: 500 to 600 ft. hole: . ~ Drill open hole 30 to 50 ft. Set 8 5/8" O.D. casing and cament to surface. Drill 6" diameter hole and drive 6" casing to total depth if possible and cemented. If casing cannot be advanced to pro- jected depth casing will be advanced as far as possible and cemented. RECEIVED SEP 2 8 x. .+ 3O [ . ~ >7 - _ . . ,~, .' ..,u, ' - I ' , :. . . ....- . . i '-- i":, ~, , . -- · ~t · " ,, ~ :.'1 '_s b'.:. . ~ -. .., . '-_.~ ,/~ .- - - I ,' . · · 8 '" ,, ', ~-, , . . ~ - 1 - . :] ~ . . - ...... "~ , . :~.,,," · ', .,, /?""--- "-~.' C'",- "/ : ~ .,__ /,.~ . ~.-x.,~ ! ~.,. ~ ...,~ . .:.,-~ /~. . '~ ~ .' .. : "" ~J ~' -, :...< , ./ · . ,r '~ ,. 5" '"/'-. " / . _.,,..1 ...... u,. , .,,., . . .' ~,. OCT 1 7 1979_ ; - I ! i I 'i ' I I f I ~. ~1 W. STAN2&RD ~ ParaLLEL __ . · _ · I 35 25 F C3;'629 ~'' 32, V/Se/ excludes voUd ex;shn~ r;ghts .__ 20 ^ 2C ~- One UNSURVEYED CTION DIAGRAM No KI:~-5 TOWNSHIPS 5 S RANGES 29 6 S 30 31 .32 · i 2 I 22 W W W W OF TH PARAL' '2 :'~-B I ! I ! I t I ! : I ! tS ~ ~0 I I ! ! ! ! Z3 .J I- , . I I I 26 ~2 ~7 ~g 3C, f I i I I I I I 22 I . i I I & I ! .g ! I ! I I I I I ,iii I l ! ! ! I I I 2 2~ fl I I I I I '3 6' CZ629 ~' R/lO ~o~ ! · ......... I I I I I l I l l 4- I -- £? lo e e 7~ CHECK LIST FOR NEW ~ELL PER~TS Is ~the permit fee attached .......................................... Is ¥~11 to ke located in a defined p0ol ............................. registered survey plat attached Is a Is 'Well located proper distance frcm property line .................. Is well located proper distance frcm other wells .. ~ ................. Is sufficient underdicated acreage available in this P°°l ........... Is well to be deviated ............................................. -. · 8. Is operator the only affected party ................................. ® 10. 12. ' 13. & Well Bb. Item (t) Fee' Yes No Remarks Can permit be approved before ten-day w~it - Does operator have a bond in force ................................... Is a conservation order needed ...................................... administrative approval needed · Is Conductor string provided ........................................ Is enough cement used to Circulate on conductor and surface ......... 14. 15. 16. Will cement tie in surface and intermediate or production strings ... Will cement cover all known productive horizons ..................... (4) Cas9. 17. Will surface casing protect fresh water zones ....................... 18. Will all casing give adequate safety in collapse, tension and burst.. 19. Does BOPE have sufficient pressure rating - Test to psig .. (5) BOPE Additional Requirements: Approval Rec~mended: ! ,Geology: Engineering: I-5'.;'K L(~ BEW ?~A RAD JAL rev: 06/21/7 ,, CHECK LIST FOR NEW D~?Jl PERMfETS 1. Is the permit fee attached .......................................... 2 11 ~e loc ted in defined pool ' . Isv~ to a a ............................. O~pany Yes No 10. il. 12. 13. 3 Is a registered survey plat attached 4. Is ~ll located proper distance ~rcm property line .................. 5. Is well located proper distance from other wells .................... 6. Is sufficient underdicated acreage available in this pool ........... 7. Is well to be deviated .............................................. $. Is operator the only affected party ................................. 9. Can permit be approved before ten-day w~it .......................... Does operator have a bond in force .................................. Is a conservation order needed ...................................... Is administrative approval needed Is conductor string provided ........................................ · ~ 0 14. 15. 16. 17. Is enough cement used to circulate on conductor and surface ......... Will cement tie in surface and intermediate or production strings Will cement cover all known productive horizons ..................... Will surface casing protect fresh ~ater zones ............ ' ........... 18. 19. Will all casing give adequate safety in collapse, tension and barst.. Does BOPE have sufficient pressure rating- Test to psig .. ApF~oval Rec~ended: .Additional Requirements: Engineering: rev: 06/21/7
