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Home My WebLink AboutGMC Data Report No. 331Coal vitrinite analysis of Copper Valley well samples as follows: Union Oil Company of California Tazlina No. 1 (well no. 1) cuttings (90'-200'), Mobil Oil Corporation Salmonberry Lake Unit No. 1 (well no. 2) cuttings (250'-1,890'), Atlantic Refining Co. Rainbow Federal No. 1 (well no. 3) cuttings (1,065'-2,780'), and Atlantic Refining Co. Rainbow Federal No. 2 (well no. 3) cuttings (1,122'-2,601'). ~,;:~~ r,~+ Received May 2006 Total of I S pages in report Alaska Geologic Materials Center IIata Report No. 331 SAMPLING FROM GMC COLLECTIONS BY BHP BILLITON Brock Riedell & Terry Massoth, 14 April 2006 Sample No. Well ' GMC collection Footage Comments CRB-01 Tazlina #1 USGS 90-200 composite of 4 samples CRB-02 Salmonberry Lake Unit#1 USGS 250-270 composite of 2 samples CRB-03 Salmonberry Lake Unit #1 USGS 530-540 CRB-04 Salmonberry Lake Unit #1 USGS 1800-1810 CRB-05 Salmonberry Lake Unit #1 USGS 1880-1890 CRB-06 Rainbow Federal #1 State. of Alaska 1065-1153 composite of 3 samples. CRB-07 Rainbow Federal #1 State of Alaska 2770-2780 CRB-08 Rainbow Federal #2 State of Alaska 1122-1152 CRB-09 Rainbow Federal #2 State of Alaska 2452-2482 CRB-10 Rainbow Federal #2 State of Alaska 2572-2601. GMC DATA REPORT 3 3. 1 OIL WELL CUTTINGS SAMPLING BY BHP BILLITON Brock Riedell & Ted Massoth, 14 April 2006 Note: All sam ples were collected as "whole rock" samples, i.e., coals not separated out, not able to collect separately. National Petrographic Service IDs Sample No. Footage Weight lal Comaonents Comments Sample Well CRB-01 90-200 30 glacials, sand, shale, some coal grains composite of 4 samples Sample 1 WELL No. 1 CRB-02 250-270 7 dominantly coal, some carbonaceous shales composite. of 2 samples Sample 2 WELL No. 2 CRB-03 530-540 8 dominantly coal Sample 3 WELL No. 2 CRB-04 1800-1810' 7 coal, sand, shale, carb shale Sample 4 WELL No, 2 CRB-05 1880-1890 6 coal, sand, shale, carb shale Sample 5 WELL No. 2 CRB-06 1065-1153 6 shale, coal, carb shale composite of 3 samples Sample 6 WELL No. 3 CRB-07 2770-2780 10 shale, siltstone, coal, carb shale Sample 7 WELL No. 3 CRB-08 1122-1152 14 carb shale, coal Sample 8 WELL No. 4 CRB-09 2452-2482 14 carb shale, coal Sample 9 WELL No. 4 CRB-10 2572-2601 10 carb shale, coal Sam le 10 WELL No. 4 COAL VITRIIVITE ANALYSIS Houston, Texas April 26, 20p6 James H. Ruffin Contents: Text 1 Vitrinite Histograazns 2 Vitrinite Data 4 Sample List. 7 Standards 8 ~. ~.. GMG DATA REPORT 3 3 1 Pa e 2/15 9 ~.: ~' Al~!`3onal tHav a par.~a- s~crra~s sruDrEs l~i'ie~vi / scwACE- sruD~Es C8s 11~. i 6888 BELLA/RE BLVD. SWTE' 108 NIOIIS`~GVII, TEXAS Tfi81 (T13j 881-7884 DATE: 0426-06 TO: Terry W. Massoth BHP Billiton World Exploration FOR: Mr. Terry W. Massoth Brock Riedell FROM: Mr. James H. Ruffin RE: Coal Vitrinite Analysis Ten. coal/shale samples from four wells were analyzed for vitrinite to determine maturity/coal rank. The histograms show the in situ values in solid black bars, with clear. bars to .the left representing caving vitrinite and clear. bars to the right reworked vitrinite. A set of standards is included. RESULTS Depth (ft.} ~~ Maw C~ ,,~ WELL NUMBER 1 Sample 1 90-200 Insufficient Vitrinite WELL NUMBER 2 Sample 2 250-270 0.33 Immature .Lignite `.Sample 3 530-540 0.34 Immature Lignite Sample 4 1800-1810 0.38 Ymmature Sub Bituminous C Sample 5 1880-1890. 0.39 Immature Snb Bituminous C WELL NUMBER 3 Sample 6 1065-1153 0.36. Immature Lignite Sample 7 2?70-2780 0.45 Immature Sub Bituminous B :WELL NUMBER 4 Sample.8 1122-1152 0.36 Immature Lignite Sample 9 2452-2482 0.49 Immature Sub Bituminous B Sam 1 e10 p 2572-2601 0.50 Immature Sub B~iuminous B ]~: ,~ CMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 James x. Ruffin Page 3/15 ~ HISTOGRAMS 1. CRB-01 90-200' Insufficient Material 2. CRB-2 200'-270' Reading 23 24 13 14 ~,; 3 4 ~, 0 (Average-0.3: Page 2 4.CRB -041800-1810... Reading s3 ~o 13 14 3 4 3 _ (Average-0.38) 5. CRB-05 1800-1890. Reading 23 24 13 14 3 4 .. o (Average-0.391 Reading.. _. _ Readingv ---- 2s ~~ 24 24 13 13 14 14 3 ~ 4 4 0 (Average-0.34) (Average-0.36) u•,: AMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 Page 4/15 ~,,, HISTOGRAMS Page.3 7. CRB-07 2770-2780 10. CRB-1U 2572-2601 s3 Reading Reading 23 as zo 13 13 14 14 3 3 8 4 x values - (Average-0.50) (Average-45) 8. CRB-0$ 1122-1152 Reading ~3 2a 13 ~-, i p 3 h 4 LSO •KIYV~I (Average-0.36) 9. CRB-09 2452-2482 Reading 23 24 13 i0 5 4 0 (Average-0.49) GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 '1 Page 5/15 VITRINiTE VALUES Page 4 1. CRB-Ol 90-200' 2. CRB-2 200'-270' 3, BHP-03530'-540' 4. CRB-041800-1810 Insufficient Material .24 1 .27 1 .22 1 .26 1 .28 2 .2S 1 .27 5 .29 3 .26 1 .28 5 .30 6 .27 1 .29 2 .31 4 .28 2 .30 5 .32 9 .29 1 .31 1 .33 5 31 1 .32 2 .34 2 .32 2 .33 2 .35 3 .33 4 .34 5 .36 5 .34 3 .35 3 .37 1 .35 ' 5 .36 3 :38 1 .36 3 .37 4 .39 2 .37 -1 .38 4 .40 2 .3$ 7 .39 2 .41 2 .39 2 .~ 2 .42 l .40 ` 5 .41 1 .43 1 .41 3 .42 2 Avg-0.34 .42 2 ^ Avg-0.33 Avg Range-0.27-0.43 .44 1 Avg. Range-0.24-0.42 Avg. Count-50 .46 1 .Avg Count-50 TcrtaJ Count-50 .48 1. Total Count-50 .52 1 .54 1 ..Avg-0.38 :Avg Range-0.32-0.48 Avg Count-41 Total Count-50 a GMG DATA REPORT 3 'I 3 1 Page b/15 ~ VITRINTTE VALUES Page 5 5. CRB-05 1880-1890 6. CRB-061065-1153 7. CRB-07 2770-2780 8. CRB-081122-1152 .24 1 .24 1 .34 1 .29 2 .26 1 .28 1 .35 1 .30 3 .31 1 .29 1 .36 1 .31 1 -.32 1 .30 1 .3$ 1 .32 5 .33 2 .31 1 .39 1 .33 2 .34 1 .32 3 .40 3 .34 3 .35 3 .33 4 .41 3 .35 4 .36 4 .34 3 .42 4 .36 3 .37 5 .35 5 .43 3 .37 8 .38 3 .36 7 .44 4 .38 3 .39 7 .37 5 .45 3 .39 2 .40 6 .38 2 :46 6 40.:..4 .41 3 .39 2 .47 5 .41 2 .42 2 .40 2 .~ 1 .42 3 .43 1 .41 3 .49 2 .43 1 .45 2 .42 4 .SO 2 .46 1 .46 2 .43 - 1 .52 2 .50 1 .48 2 .44 1 .53 2 .51 1 '~ .S 1 1 .48 1 .54 2 .56 1 .52 1 .49 2 .55 2 Avg-0.36 .SS 1 Avg-0.36 .61 1 Avg Range-0.29-0.43 Avg-0.39 Avg Range-0.28-0.44 Avg-0.45 Avg Count-46 Avg Range-0.31-0.48. Avg Count-46 Avg Range-0.34-0.55 Total Count-50 Avg Count-45 Total Count-50 Avg Count-49 Total Count-SO Total Count-50 ~, .1 GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 a e . P g 7/15 VITRINTTE VALUES Page 6 9. CRB-09 2452-2482 10. CRB-1025'72-Z60i .41 2 .42 1 .44 2 .43 2 .45 6 .44 2 .46 2 .45 4 .47 1 .46 4 .~ 1 .47 2 .49 11 48 4 .S0 3 .49 S .51 2 .SO 4 .52 3 .51 7 .S3 5 .S2 2 .S4 4 .53 2 .SS 2 .S4 2 .S6 2 .55 3 57 3 .56 3 .58 l .S7 2 Avg-0.49 .6S 1 .Avg Range-0.41-O.S8 Avg-0.50 ~ Avg Count-50 Avg Range-0.42-0.57 Total Count-50 Avg Count-49 Total Count-50 GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 .Page 8/15 ~, w ~ m ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~' m a~ ~ ~ N M N ` V O O O , oq tl ~ ~~" m: Q ~ ~ , W C O W ~N N ~ . ~ W ' ~ ~ ~ W O V ~ ~ m t ~ m 'e l0 l6 V ~ ~ ~'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ W ~ l0 ~ W ~ m W ~ pp ~ ~ = ~ O t 1D ~ ~ C~ 4 C ~ _ ~ ~ W ~33~~ ~~ m~ C1 ~ V1 vj W ~ ~ W N t ~ w v~ o ~ - J ~ ~ ~ ~ C C ~~ '4 _ `' ~.o c~~w~c~~ ~ Iy~~ /y WW ' ~O t~ a0 1~ c0 t,~ O '~t et O ~ W ~ l !~ t+ r V ~, ~ ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ ~ IC 000OOMONNi- O t+ r- C~ ~p O NN~ COCOrIM~ M-~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ .. CD i OC7e~ e~ e~ N~.NN. ~ N IA ~ ~ Z' { ~ C rN- ~ P,. a-e-~-N~-• ~ ~ F- ~ ~ N ~ A. - N ~ ~, "~ J m _ .~ _nz m 3 ~ ~ 3 3 ~ ~ ~ N M ~~ ~'M O O r= ~ Q o ~~ m~ m~ m GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 v~~~~~croC~~ Page 9/15 Om z UUUUUUUVU ~en.FN~o~wo,o -- STANDARD FOR Page 8 +"~ HYDROCARBON SOURCE-ROCK EVALUATIONS by James H. Raffin Thermal Alteration Maturation Level Index (T.A.I) Vitrinite Ro Probable Hydrocarbon Immature 1, 1+,2-,2 (Yellow) <0.55 Gas Transitional 2+ (Yellow Brown) O.SS - U.7 Gas & Minor Oil Mature* 3-,3 (Brown) 0.7 -1.2 Gas & Oil Very. Mature 3, 3+, 4 (Dark Brown) 1.2 -1.5 ' Wet Gas/Condensate Advanced 4, 4, 5 (Dark Brn. Black) >I.S Gas ..Total Organic Carbon (T:O.C.) (% of Rock) Sapropel :Quality (Oil Generation) Shales Carbonates I. Excellent -Globular (i.eBotryococcus) Poor <0.5 <0.2 2. Good- Coarse granular (>2 µ) Fair 0.5-1.0 0.2-0.5 3. Fair -Medium granular (±1 p) Rich 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.0 4. Poor -Fine .granular-dispersed (<1 p) Very Rich >2.0 >1.0 Extractable Hydrocarbons (H.C.) (ppm. of Rock) Shales Carbonates "~.' Poor <500 <100 Fair 500-1000 100-500. Rich 1000-2000 500-1000 Very Rich >2000 >1000 Sapropel (% of T.O.C.) Poor Primary Oil -Migration Potential <30 Good Primary Oil -Migration Potential >30 Kerogen Content of Rock (ppm. of Rock) Shales Carbonates Poor <5000 aOOp Fair 5000-10,000 2000-5000 Rich 10,000-20,000 5000-10,000 Very Rich >20,000 >10,000 Calculating Kerogen Content of Rock % oK r eo e g n x T.O.C. x 10000 = m. TYPe PP Inertinite (INR) (%of T.O.C.) GMC DATA REPORT ^.. Page 10/15 3 3 1 Generates no hydrocarbons. Analyzed due to inclusion in total organic carbon analysis. Mature Threshold Varies- 0.65 for Paleozoic. l~ 52 Fundamentals of coal petrolog}• a r __ ~ ;, ° '~ ~ a during storage (o: ° o ~ ° < ~ = ~ ~ on certain coal pz "' as; is demonstrate i dark-brown `hyt ~ i `bitumogel', bicun ~ i ~ These relationship i 2.142.4 Coalifica• f ~ ~ ~ I Coalification sediments which °s tto4s r.:. of ~ ~ and pezmeabiliry a '~ ~ e ~ of Ch. 5.2 e. g. sh ~~ s porosity of petrol ° a lonite into mixed Q ~ ~ '~ e m = . gm •< ~ lions in clay rock a s ~ ~ _ _ » o o H rank (Fig. 26). C a a= _ ~ minerals. _ ° ° ~ R a° ° ~ .2 •C ° ~ ~ ~ ~ y ~~ Abaet "- o nonesametrp . ~ a ~`~`- ~ tlegih. rock temperoiu °~ g .= . ~ ~ is . m of prcseni ~ " : 9` ~ '-g ~~ ° ~ A SO -110 t1/ !t .`° 'r .~ ~ `s ~ g T" •B a -. ~ ea 1 = g ~ [M1 ~. a o~ m a . a .r j m Y o ~I ~ (JJ as rt .) Q N ~. - 6 • V 0 ~ ° •~ ~~~ a r ° ~ NWf 7001 ~~M1 i to o ~ aW ~ ~ ".ems", ° i ~ ! .~ a o _~ ~... a .„A mm ~ ,v r emHwMd O \ M N Yfm tt Sm m.~ • 0 ~` ~~r. _ {° y4. C !t! ~ r8 814o8u1 c ° ~~ IN ~ ~ ~ ~ , r aao ~ i t I `° o :? ~ ~ >s ~ :8 ~ Is, ~ un Fig. 26. Rode ttitnp meats is the Munst ~ TEicxx~tt, 1966 I ~ 5 Coal Petrology GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 Page 11/15 ; -----~„ . z ~ ~ - i~ i _ .~ t ~'`7 ~` r 3 tab L _ ! Vic"" ~i -' ~~'~ r zt j •~i+ X72' s`_f7~+ i - ~ :_ j r > ~' ., ....~ ~. ., •~:... - ,r ._:.,,_ _, i HYDROCARBON SOURCE-ROCK EVALUATION James H. Ruffin ~ Revised 2003 INTRODUCTION The evaluation of hydrocarbon source-rocks is another fundamental boos in the successful search for oil and gas accumulations.. The. standard or routine analyses consist of kerogen content, thermal matun~iorr, total organic carbon c~rrtent, and extractablehydrocarbon content. These fourparameters are checked against each other fp effectively defiermine the oiUgas generation activity or potential, The purpose of this paper is th present a brief description and discussion of the above mentioned routine analyses, characteristics of oiUgas sourk~-mocks, and appiicafions to expiorativNexploitation. KEROOEN CONTENT ANALYSIS A kerogen analysis preparatkm is made by dissolving the mineral mattervia adds from a.rodk samp~ (dark shales prefierred) leaving an insoluble organic residue (ketogen) to be stained, washed and mounted on glass slides for study with a bidogiral microscope using transmitted light: The kerogen corrtent of a rods evaluation (see standards) was obtained by multiplying percent of type, from 100-grain counts, times percent total organic carbon times 10,000 to express in parts-per-miili~ (pPm)~ The kerogen material is k~nirenientiy organized into four c~remically and/or genetically related fractions, as discussed bekxnr, with their hydrocarbon-generating sign'ficance. INERTINITE -Organic derived, almost pure carbon, such as burned wood (fusinite). This fraction. y,~,, yields almost no hydrocarbons, but is necessary to-count because it is inducted in the total organic conterrt analysis. HUMIC - Humic acid (biodegradation products of woody tissue) and vitrinite (thermally matured humic adds). This traction is k~r in hydrogen (+ 5% weight) and ~ do thermal csrtagenesis will yield mainly gas.: EXINITE -Resins (Hardened tree sap) and wall stnrcbures (extras) of spores, pollen, cuticle (leaf .tissue) and algae. This fraction is moderately. high in hydrogen (+ 9% weight), and when initially subjected to thermal catagenesis wiN prr~duce gases and liquid hydrocarbons... 3APROPEI -Amorphous biodegradation product of rich lipid and protein residues from the exinite fraction, mainly algae. This traction ig high in hydrogen (+ 10% weight), ..and wilt tend to form .mainly liquid hydrocarbons when initially subjected to thertna! c~tagenesis. SAPROpEL QUALITY - Sapropelic ketngerr is evaluated for oi!-generating quality, based prir~ipally on its structure as faliows: ...Very Rich -Globular (l.e. Botryococcus) Rk~ -Coarse Granular (> 2 ~ ) Fair- Medium Granular (,+~ 1 p ) .Poor -Fine Granular (' 1 p ) in addition, sapropel that tends to dump and have strong color is considered to have good characteristics for oil generatron. This often occkrn~ed in the gk~ular and coarse-grained sapropels: Conver3ely, the. finer grained sapropels, which are considered poor Dill-generators, tended to be dispersed and have pale, orno color. ~..i GMC DATA REPORT 3" 3 '1 Page 12/15 r 2 THERMAL MATURATION It has. been well established that it is necessary for the kerogen in source-rocks to undergo heating at suffident:temperetures for sufficient time to produce oil and/or gas. Themaal maturation, which is a measure of the bemperatune/time history of rocks, is determined by vltrinite .reftectance in oil (Ro) and sporelpollen coloration (TAI). - Vitrinite on thermally maturing will yield volatiles and harden, thus increase in the ability th take a polish and reflect light. Samples are prepared t3tmilary m the kerogen analysis, .but ~ residues ate mounted in plastic plugs for. polishing and tight rettecNance measunemerrts in oil.. Sporelpollen on thermally maturing will yield volatiles and their exines will darken as the fixed carbon content increases. The ability th take stain tends to be lost on irxxeasing maturation beyond ills immature rank. This method has as advantage over vitrinite reflectance, because rBrnrorked and cont~nination forms can be more readily detected. The intro methods are used to cxoss-check each other ta~ r~eliabk determinations. Ali of the above discussed topics are shaven in their- interrelattionships by the attached standards for source-rods evaluations. TOTAL ORC~INIC CARBON (TOC) The T4C measures the enrichment of organic matter in sediments. Wowever, it does not indicate the type of kerogen, thus vvttettter the sample has gas or oil generating potential. The TOC indicates the general hydrocarbon potential. The minimum contentfor asource-rock is 0.596 t+or shades and 0.296 for carbonates. (See Standards, The analysis involves using approximately one grata of dried, powdered sample. The carbonate material (non organic carbon source) is removed by HCL, leaving a residue which is analyzed with a thermal carbon detemtinator (bums material to crompleiron measuring the C02 released) and reported as the TOC weight percent of rock. The value can also be obtained from a pyrolysis analysis (Rock-Evai). EXTRACTABLE HYDROCARBONS (HC) This is the amount of liquid or free hydrogrbon naturally pr+oduoed in a sediment, thus is a dined measure of oil-generating capabilities. The minimurrtfor commet~ial consideration is 500 ppm for shales and 100 ppm for carbonates (see standards).. !f the samples have been fotraed dried, the WC content will be artifidaliy krvr. The v~ue can be obiained from aRods-Eval pyrolysis analysis (S1 value). CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL SOURCE-ROCKS Philippi (1965, Geochem, at Cosmodtenr.) established that sounca~rocks have. to generate oil in excess of the sorption capacity of organic matter (mainly humic from. my studies) for primary migration fp take place. This tequitemetrt was expressed by a HCfTOC ratio, where 3% th 12% is when oil can' be released from the racks. Since sapropelic matter is the main source of oil, Philippi's prindple can also be expressed via sapropelic percent of TOC. MY studies indicate that approximately 30-40% sapropel of TOC is when oil can be suffidently generated th primarily migrate from the shies. In carbonate sounae-rocks. where there is IitNe or no humic material, almost aN of the oil generated can primarily migrate. QMGDATAREPORT.3 3 1 Page 13/15 /~ 3 N. V tin P um Formation and Occurrence, Sp eriag, 1 etrole 9~ Weite 984 issot ~ t believed , It ~s enera (r IY 9 Y.) that the expulsion action takes place akx~g the bedding planes of the shales where the organic matter the uri and ova tees rs is axxeotrated and the kerogen-bo-Nl Nnvers~n m~ut~Y ~ , MMiy p ry Win! excess ail in a pulse. Afterward the pressure reduces, thus completing a cyde which can be repeated. in a carbonate the expulsion is more continuous due to the lade of inhibiting humic matter.. From the above assumptions and maturation dais, the optimum conditions for produdng liquid hydrocarbons is a mature maturation rank {Ro 0.7 to 1.2), greater than 30% sapropeifc matter of TOC for elastics, and a minimum organic matter enrichment of 0.5°6 of rock far shales and 0.2°~6 for carbonates. CHARACTERISTICS OF Q~-S SOURCE-ROCKS The maturation level for gas generation is not as critical as for oil. C3as can be generated in immalurrr maturation environments via. bacbsrial-fungal bnaskdawn of organic matter and in mature to advarx~+d environments via heat degradation (catagenesis): the fatter' Ming best for large accumulations.: The -optimum gas-ger~erafing f~ar'ameters are: very melon: to advanved maturation rank (Ro 12-1.5). dominance of sapropel kerogen (>80%), and a TOC greater than 2%. Ironically, sapr~apei (ofl prone kerogen) is heifer than humic kerngen (gas prone),. because it has a higher H content, and alt organic matter turns togas at higher maturations. SOLID BITUMENS There is r+elatioriship between vitrinite and solid bitumen r+eflectanoes in the range of 0.1 fo 3.0% R,, expressed by the equation: R„=0.618 Rb+0.4, where R„ is vrtrinite r+efledance and Re bitumen reflectance. '(Gentzis and Goudarzi, 1990, Application of Thermal Maturity Studies to Energy Exploration, SEPM- Rodry Mt. Section, p. 23) Solid Bitumen can be used in place of vitrinite for maturity analysis, if it is primary-formed from the insitu kegogen. IYs presence indicates oil generation if primary, or oil migration if secondary.. EXPLORATION APPLICATIONS. Overlay contour maps based on a given datum (source-rock or strata) fora .basin or area shoukt be made when there is sufficient well control, using the foikrivmg dale: maturation (vrtrinite Ro and spore cokxation rank), total organic carbon, hydrocarbon extracts, saproPelic peroent (primary migr~atiori poteritian and sapropelic content of rode (a'i generation. potential). This wiU kx~lize the best source-rode areas. The above information has to be coordinated with the geology to answer the folbwing critical questions: At what time, depth and area arse the soun~e-rocks? At wha# time, depth and area are the source-rocks mature? What are the times and. routes of primary migration? Wheniwhere did the reservoirs occur vs. the hydrocarbon generation? SECONDARY-MIGRATED OIi.S Secondary-migrated oils (movement after the primary expulsion of migration) can often be detected by comparing the TOC contents to the HC contents. In a mature maturation fades for example; if the TOC content is Boor, but the HC cxmthnt is rich; then secondary oil migration has probably oocun~ed. The poor TOC content is not suftic~erit to have generated a ric~i HC content. ff no oil sounx'-rocks are found in an area, the detection of secondary migration is vital, because. ik indicates that free oil is ~ was present for entrapment. GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 Page 1/15 - f"' ~. /: /~, 4 EXPLOITATION APPLICATION Source-rock studies are primarily important for exploration; however they can also be applied to exploitation. Determining a stwrce-rock and its areas of gnaatest generation within a known oiUgas field could help guide the locations of devekapment or step-out wells: Such studies, of course, would tae more significant in sparsely devekaped fields. GMC DATA REPORT 3 3 1 Page 1515